Questions and Answers
Which of the following fibers pass through the genu of the corpus callosum?
What type of movements are controlled by the ventral corticospinal tract?
Which tract is primarily involved in regulating muscle movement of the distal limbs?
What gait sign is commonly observed in Parkinson's disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Depletion of which neurotransmitter in the nigrostriatal pathway leads to Parkinson's disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which law describes that the dorsal root is sensory and the ventral root is motor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which receptor is involved in the inverse stretch reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
Which taste sensation is primarily detected at the tip of the tongue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely diagnosis for a 9-year-old girl with a solitary midline, partially cystic cerebellar lesion, characterized by elongated bipolar cells and Rosenthal fibers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is commonly used for morphine addiction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug acts to facilitate GABA-mediated chloride influx?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antiepileptic drug is known to cause gingival hyperplasia?
Signup and view all the answers
In which part of the pituitary are pituicytes present?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does fertilization primarily occur in the female reproductive system?
Signup and view all the answers
What secretion is primarily produced by pheochromocytoma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase of the uterine cycle corresponds with the ovarian luteal phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the flat bony projection from the lateral end of the scapula?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle is most likely damaged when a person cannot initiate the abduction of their arm after a shoulder dislocation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which artery is located at the floor of the anatomical snuff box?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is the wrist joint classified as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is the largest tarsal bone in the foot?
Signup and view all the answers
In a scenario where a power lifter is unable to unlock their knee joint for leg flexion, which muscle is likely affected?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature is characteristic of the female type of bony pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure communicates the middle ear with the nasopharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most probable cause of the rupture of an aneurysm in the abdominal aorta proximal to bifurcation in an elderly male?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cell secretes toxic oxygen reactants that can lead to tissue damage?
Signup and view all the answers
The 'nutmeg liver' pattern is most characteristic of which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is commonly prescribed for secondary prophylaxis of myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organism is associated with a painless lesion on external genitalia, where spirochetes are observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is identified by vesicles on genitalia and by Tzanck smear revealing giant multinucleated cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which infectious agent is identified by irregular warty growth on the penis, and biopsy shows koilocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which causative organism is a gram-positive coccus that is catalase and coagulase positive, often seen in prosthetic heart valve infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely reason for the elevated serum TSH level in the 45-year-old woman with thyroid dysfunction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following actions describes the effect of thyroxine on carbohydrate metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which microscopic feature is commonly observed in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Signup and view all the answers
When analyzing CSF for bacterial meningitis, what would be a characteristic appearance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely route for a microorganism to enter the central nervous system in the case of the 9-year-old boy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of CSF findings in aseptic (viral) meningitis compared to acute bacterial meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the anterior hypothalamus contribute to body temperature regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Coracoid Process vs. Acromion Process: The flat bony projection from the lateral end of the scapula is the Acromion process.
- Shoulder Injury: A torn Supraspinatus muscle is often a result of shoulder dislocation, causing inability to initiate arm abduction.
Cardiovascular and Musculoskeletal System
- Anatomical Snuff Box: The Radial artery is located at the floor of this structure.
- Wrist Joint Type: Classified as an ellipsoid synovial joint.
- Largest Tarsal Bone: The Calcaneus bone is the largest tarsal bone in the foot.
- Knee Joint Flexion: The Popliteus muscle is crucial for unlocking the knee joint to initiate flexion.
Vascular System
- Femoral Artery Branch: The major branch is the profunda femoris.
Pelvis and Reproductive Anatomy
- Features of Female Pelvis: The female pelvis has a wider subpubic angle and lacks prominent muscular attachments.
Dental Anatomy
- Pterygoid Fovea Attachment: The Lateral pterygoid muscle attaches here.
Ear and Sinus Anatomy
- Middle Ear Communication: Communicates with the nasopharynx via the Auditory tube.
Muscle Physiology
- Sarcomere Structure: The contractile unit of muscle fibers is defined between two Z Lines.
Neuroanatomy and Neurology
- Corpus Callosum Fibers: Fibers passing through the genu include Forceps minor.
- Ventral Corticospinal Tract Function: Primarily controls gross voluntary movements such as walking.
- Distal Limb Movement Tract: The Lateral corticospinal tract governs fine motor skills in distal limbs.
- Parkinson's Disease: Characterized by a shuffling gait and depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway.
- Bell-Magendie Law: Describes the functional division where dorsal roots are sensory and ventral roots are motor.
- Inverse Stretch Reflex Receptor: Golgi tendon organs mediate this reflex.
Sensory Pathways
- Thalamic Nuclei: Lateral ventroposterior nuclei receive essential sensory inputs from the body.
- Lateral Spinothalamic Tract: Carries sensations like temperature and pain.
- Taste Bud Function: The tip of the tongue is primarily linked with tasting sweet flavors.
Infectious Diseases
- Meningitis by Yeast: Cryptococcosis is caused by encapsulated yeast leading to meningitis.
- Retrograde Transport Viruses: Viruses like Rabies and Herpes simplex enter the CNS through this mechanism.
Neoplasms
- Pilocytic Astrocytoma: Characterized by elongated bipolar cells with Rosenthal fibers found in a cerebellar lesion.
Pharmacology
- Morphine Addiction Treatment: Managed with Methadone.
- GABA Agonist: Diazepam facilitates GABA-mediated chloride influx.
- Gingival Hyperplasia: Caused by Phenytoin, an antiepileptic medication.
Endocrinology
- Pituicytes Location: Found in the Pars Nervosa of the pituitary gland.
- Fertilization Site: Occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
- Ejaculatory Duct Opening: Opens into the prostatic urethra.
- Aldosterone Deficiency Effects: Results in decreased blood volume and fluctuating plasma potassium levels.
- Pheochromocytoma Secretion: Predominantly secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Reproductive Physiology
- Control of Testosterone: LH (Luteinizing Hormone) regulates testosterone secretion in Leydig cells.
- Uterine Cycle Correspondence: The secretory phase correlates with the ovarian luteal phase.
Histology
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Histologically characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and follicle destruction.
Meningitis
- Lumbar Puncture Site: Typically performed at L3-L4 or L4-L5 intervertebral spaces to obtain CSF.
- Meningeal Layers: Comprised of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
- Route of CNS Infection: Commonly spreads via hematogenous route or direct extension from infections like otitis media.
CSF Analysis for Meningitis
- Acute Bacterial Meningitis CSF Findings: Turbid appearance, elevated WBC count (neutrophils), high protein, low glucose.
- Features of Meningeal Irritation: Includes signs like nuchal rigidity and Brudzinski's sign.
Thermoregulation
- Anterior Hypothalamus: Plays a vital role in regulating body temperature by promoting heat loss mechanisms.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of neural pathways and motor control with this quiz covering the corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts, and the effects of neurotransmitter depletion. Explore key concepts related to muscle movement and conditions like Parkinson's disease. Perfect for neuroscience students!
