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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a primary factor contributing to soil formation?
Which of the following is NOT a primary factor contributing to soil formation?
What is the main process associated with 'sheet erosion'?
What is the main process associated with 'sheet erosion'?
Which of the following is a slow mass movement type?
Which of the following is a slow mass movement type?
Which stage of a river is characterized by the presence of meanders and a widening flood plain?
Which stage of a river is characterized by the presence of meanders and a widening flood plain?
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What role does Rhizobium play in the soil?
What role does Rhizobium play in the soil?
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Which of these factors does NOT significantly influence the rate of erosion?
Which of these factors does NOT significantly influence the rate of erosion?
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Which of the following landforms are characteristic of the 'old' stage of a river?
Which of the following landforms are characteristic of the 'old' stage of a river?
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Which of these is NOT a reason for landslides along the Himalayas?
Which of these is NOT a reason for landslides along the Himalayas?
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Which of the following best describes the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Which of the following best describes the formation of metamorphic rocks?
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In the rock cycle diagram, what process is represented by '7'?
In the rock cycle diagram, what process is represented by '7'?
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What is the primary source of energy for endogenic geomorphic processes?
What is the primary source of energy for endogenic geomorphic processes?
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Which of these is an example of an exogenic process?
Which of these is an example of an exogenic process?
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Which process involves mountain building through folding?
Which process involves mountain building through folding?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical weathering?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical weathering?
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What is the general term for all exogenic processes?
What is the general term for all exogenic processes?
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Crystal growth in rocks is associated with which type of weathering?
Crystal growth in rocks is associated with which type of weathering?
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What type of landform is a sinkhole categorized as?
What type of landform is a sinkhole categorized as?
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What is the primary composition of morains?
What is the primary composition of morains?
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Which of the following forms from the interaction of stalactites and stalagmites?
Which of the following forms from the interaction of stalactites and stalagmites?
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Which landform is characterized by a deep, wide trough found at the head of a glacial valley?
Which landform is characterized by a deep, wide trough found at the head of a glacial valley?
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What type of landform is an esker classified as?
What type of landform is an esker classified as?
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Which of the following best describes a pediment?
Which of the following best describes a pediment?
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Which landform is formed by the accumulation of sand and sediments along coastlines?
Which landform is formed by the accumulation of sand and sediments along coastlines?
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What defines a mineral?
What defines a mineral?
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What common feature is associated with glacial valleys?
What common feature is associated with glacial valleys?
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Which of the following minerals is primarily composed of silica?
Which of the following minerals is primarily composed of silica?
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What is the primary property that distinguishes extrusive igneous rocks from intrusive igneous rocks?
What is the primary property that distinguishes extrusive igneous rocks from intrusive igneous rocks?
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What characteristic is NOT typical of sedimentary rocks?
What characteristic is NOT typical of sedimentary rocks?
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Which mineral is composed mainly of magnesium, iron, and silica?
Which mineral is composed mainly of magnesium, iron, and silica?
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What is the process called that forms sedimentary rocks?
What is the process called that forms sedimentary rocks?
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Which physical characteristic of minerals refers to their ability to break along specific planes?
Which physical characteristic of minerals refers to their ability to break along specific planes?
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Which property is used to measure the resistance of a mineral to being scratched?
Which property is used to measure the resistance of a mineral to being scratched?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a canyon?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a canyon?
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What is the primary process responsible for the formation of pot holes?
What is the primary process responsible for the formation of pot holes?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of alluvial fans?
Which of the following is a characteristic of alluvial fans?
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Which landform is directly associated with the lateral erosion of a river?
Which landform is directly associated with the lateral erosion of a river?
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Which landform is a result of the deposition of sediments in the lower course of a river?
Which landform is a result of the deposition of sediments in the lower course of a river?
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Which statement accurately describes the formation of oxbow lakes?
Which statement accurately describes the formation of oxbow lakes?
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What is the primary difference between braided channels and meandering channels?
What is the primary difference between braided channels and meandering channels?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of natural levees?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of natural levees?
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Study Notes
Minerals and Rocks
- Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
- Minerals are solid forms in the crust and liquid in the interior.
- The basic source of minerals is hot magma.
- Natural gas is an example of organic minerals.
Physical Characteristics of Minerals
- Crystal Form: Internal arrangement of atoms.
- Cleavage: Tendency to break along specific planes.
- Fracture: Irregular breakage.
- Luster: Appearance in terms of light reflection.
- Color: Determined by molecular structure.
- Transparency: Degree of light passing through.
- Structure: Arrangement of individual crystals.
- Hardness: Resistance to being scratched.
- Specific Gravity: Ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water.
Important Minerals of the Earth's Crust
- Feldspar: Silicon and oxygen are common elements.
- Quartz: Important component of sand and granite primarily silica.
- Pyroxene: Contains calcium, aluminum, magnesium, iron, and silica.
- Olivine: Contains magnesium, iron, and silica.
- Amphibole: Contains aluminum, calcium, silica, iron, and magnesium.
- Mica: Consists of potassium, aluminum, magnesium, iron, and silica.
Types of Rock
- Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals.
- They are not composed of a definite chemical composition.
- Petrology is the science of rocks.
Igneous Rocks
- Formed from the cooling of lava.
- Two types: intrusive (slow cooling, larger grains) and extrusive (sudden cooling, small grains).
- Hard and do not contain fossils.
- Do not allow water to pass through.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Formed by sedimentation.
- Layered.
- Contain fossils.
- The process of sedimentary rock formation is called lithification.
- Three types: mechanically formed, chemically formed, and organically formed.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Formed due to recrystallization.
- Formed due to pressure and temperature.
- Very smooth.
- Sometimes contain very precious stones.
- Composed of layers.
Rock Cycle
- A cyclical process involving the transformation of rocks from one type to another.
- Magma crystallizes into igneous rock, which can erode and deposit sediments to form sedimentary rock.
- Sedimentary rocks can be transformed into metamorphic rock via heat and pressure.
- Metamorphic rock can be melted and reformed as magma, and the cycle repeats.
Geomorphic Processes
- Endogenic forces (internal) cause physical and chemical actions on Earth's materials.
- Diastrophism and volcanism are examples of endogenic processes.
- Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic processes (external).
- Endogenic energy comes from within the Earth (radioactivity, rotation, tidal friction, primordial heat).
- Diastrophism describes processes that move or elevate parts of the Earth's crust; includes orogenic, epeirogenic processes, earthquakes, and plate tectonics.
- Volcanism involves the movement of molten rock towards the surface and the formation of volcanic features.
Weathering
- Weathering is the action of atmospheric elements on Earth materials.
- Two types: chemical and physical.
- Chemical weathering involves the decomposition or dissolution of rocks.
- Physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces.
Mass Movement
- Mass movements transfer rock debris down slopes due to gravity.
- Types: slow (creep, solifluction) and rapid (mudflows, earthflows, debris avalanches, landslides).
Erosion and Deposition
- Erosion involves the removal and transportation of rock debris.
- Deposition involves the laying down of eroded materials.
Landforms
- Landforms are shapes of the Earth's surface.
- Landforms are created by various geomorphic agents (e.g., running water, ice, wind, groundwater, waves).
- Types categorized by the processes that formed them (e.g., running water, ground water, glaciers, waves).
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to minerals and rocks, including their physical characteristics and important minerals found in the Earth's crust. Explore topics such as crystal form, cleavage, luster, and the significance of common minerals like feldspar and quartz.
