Mineral Metabolism Overview

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Questions and Answers

How does fluoride in toothpaste help prevent dental caries formation?

Fluoride strengthens the enamel by forming fluorapatite, making it more resistant to acid attack. (correct)

Fluoride inhibits the absorption of calcium in the teeth, making them more resistant to decay.

Fluoride kills all bacteria in the mouth, preventing plaque formation.

Fluoride decreases saliva production, preventing bacteria growth.

What is a primary role of iron in the human body?

Transports oxygen in the blood as part of hemoglobin. (correct)

Acts as a cofactor for vitamin D synthesis.

Neutralizes free radicals in cells.

Regulates calcium absorption in the gut.

Which factor is known to enhance iron absorption in the gut?

Phytates in food.

Vitamin C consumption. (correct)

Presence of non-heme iron.

High calcium intake.

What is the main distinction between ferritin and transferrin?

Ferritin stores iron in tissues, while transferrin transports iron in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

Why is iodine considered an essential nutrient in the diet?

It is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by delayed physical and mental development due to iodine deficiency?

A condition characterized by delayed physical and mental development due to iodine deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes abnormally high levels of sodium in the blood?

Hypernatremia. Signup and view all the answers

Which cation is predominantly found inside cells?

Potassium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ferritin in the body?

Storing iron for future use Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a significant role in increasing blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral deficiency is primarily responsible for the disorder known as Cretinism?

Iodine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can decrease iron absorption from the diet?

Consumption of dairy products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a micromineral?

Zinc Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of hyponatremia?

Low blood sodium levels Signup and view all the answers

Fluoride helps to prevent dental caries by:

Reinforcing the enamel structure Signup and view all the answers

What role does transferrin play in iron metabolism?

Transporting iron in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mineral Metabolism

Macrominerals vs. Microminerals: Macrominerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day, while microminerals are needed in lesser quantities.
Most Abundant Mineral: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body.
Calcium's Role in Bone and Teeth: Calcium combines with phosphorus to form hydroxyapatite crystals, giving strength and structure to bones and teeth.
Calcium Homeostasis Hormones: Hormones involved in regulating calcium levels include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D.
Calcium Deficiency Symptoms: Deficiency can lead to osteoporosis and rickets.
Dietary Sources of Calcium: The text does not list specific dietary sources.
Fluoride's Role in Preventing Dental Caries: Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel (fluorapatite) making it more resistant to acid attack.
Biochemistry & Deficiency Manifestations of Iron: Iron acts as a cofactor for vitamin D synthesis, transports oxygen in the blood as part of hemoglobin, and the text does not fully explain biochemistries and deficiencies.
Factors Affecting Iron Absorption: The text lists factors that can increase or decrease iron absorption, but doesn't provide the specifics.
Role of Ferritin and Transferrin: Ferritin stores iron in tissues while transferrin transports iron in the blood.
Importance of Iodine: Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.
Cretinism and Hypothyroidism: Cretinism is a condition caused by a lack of iodine that leads to developmental delays and hypothyroidism is an overactive thyroid, leading to increased metabolic rate.
Hypernatremia, Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hypokalemia: These terms refer to imbalances in sodium or potassium levels in the blood.
Intracellular and Extracellular Cations: Potassium is primarily intracellular, while sodium is mainly extracellular.

Practice MCQs

Macromineral vs. Micromineral Distinction: Macrominerals are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day, while microminerals are required in smaller amounts.
Macromineral List: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium.
Primary Intracellular Cation: Potassium.

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Description

Explore the essential roles of macrominerals and microminerals in the human body, with a focus on calcium's functions in bone health and the impact of deficiencies. This quiz covers calcium homeostasis, symptoms of deficiency, and the significance of fluoride in dental health.