Questions and Answers
The depth range of __________ is 3-200m.
boomer
__________ measures penetration up to 100m.
sparker
Which of the following does NOT provide useful stratigraphy?
What type of method is identified with 'reflection'?
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Amplifiers are used in continuous profiling.
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What device records echo profiles from the seafloor?
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Seismic velocities are computed using __________.
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Which technique is used for detecting subsurface density?
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Magnetic surveys are not used in engineering studies.
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What is the relationship between electric fields and induced magnetic fields?
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The ________ technique is utilized for geological mapping.
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Match the following detection methods with their applications:
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What is the main purpose of prospecting in mineral exploration?
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What is the term for the lowest content of valuable minerals of ore that makes exploitation profitable?
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The Bre-X scandal involved the discovery of a gold deposit in Canada.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of mineral classification based on composition?
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____ is the process of determining concentration of minerals in ore.
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What are associated commodities?
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Which geological requirement is NOT essential for the formation of mineral deposits?
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______ is a method of exploration that involves the elimination of unpromising grounds.
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What type of remote sensing method is specifically mentioned in the text?
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Geophysical methods use biological indicators to detect geological deposits.
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Study Notes
Mineral Exploration Overview
- Basic Mining Steps include prospecting, resource estimation, pre-feasibility studies, feasibility studies, development, operation, and mining closure.
- Prospecting identifies ore extent and economic viability through sampling and analysis, leading to development decisions.
Definitions
- Ore: Specific mineral resource mined based on economic conditions.
- Prime Commodity: Principal ore mineral extracted.
- Cut-Off Grade: Minimum content of valuable minerals necessary for profitable mining.
- Mineral Resource: In-situ mineral occurrence quantified by geological data.
- Ore Reserve: Mineable deposit with the highest positive net present value (NPV).
Geological Requirements for Mineral Deposits
- Formation requires source, transport, deposition, and preservation mechanisms.
- Classification relies on composition, form, tectonic setting, and genesis.
Types of Mineral Classifications
- Metalliferous: Metal-bearing minerals, categorized into ferrous and non-ferrous.
- Industrial/Non-metallic: Non-metals used in construction, agriculture, and household products.
- Coal and Petroleum: Sources of energy with high carbon content and hydrocarbons, respectively.
- Renewable Resources: Sustainable sources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy.
Prospecting and Exploration Stages
- Stage 1 (Prospecting): Involves reconnaissance surveys, geological mapping, and initial rock sampling.
- Stage 2 (Exploration): Focus on detailed geologic mapping, geochemical and geophysical tests, leading to ore reserve determination.
Geological Surveys and Mapping
- Geological Mapping: Key for understanding regional geology and locating mineral deposits.
- Equipment Used: Includes maps, GPS, field cameras, and geological hammers for effective data collection.
Remote Sensing
- Acquires data using electromagnetic radiation and assists in lithostratigraphy and geological mapping.
- Satellite Platforms: LANDSAT, SPOT, AVIRIS, and ASTER facilitate extensive geological assessments.
Geophysical Exploration
- Utilizes physical properties to detect subsurface geological structures and mineral deposits.
- Anomalies: Indicate statistically significant deviations from normal values, crucial for identifying potential deposits.
Economic Considerations
- Economic mineral deposits are evaluated for viability through geological modeling, reserve estimation, and pre-feasibility reports.
Key Terms and Concepts
- Assaying: Process of determining mineral concentration in samples.
- Trace Elements: Valuable minerals contained in ore that can be retrieved during processing.
- Flotation and Trenching: Methods for identifying and evaluating mineralization in potential mining sites.
Importance of Accurate Data
- High-quality geological data informs decisions regarding exploration, development, and operational strategies for mineral resources.### Chromite
- Composed of chromium and iron, chromite is an important ore for chromium extraction.
- Properties of chromite include its use in metallurgical applications and as a refractory material.
- It typically exhibits a high density and is formed in ultramafic rocks.
Magnetic Properties
- Natural magnetism is observed in some minerals, contributing to geological studies.
- Magnetic susceptibility helps in understanding the earth's magnetic field and geological formations.
- Different techniques such as aeromagnetic surveys are used to map magnetic anomalies.
Electromagnetic Responses
- Electromagnetic induction relates to the interaction between electric fields and geological materials.
- Continuity of electric signals can help identify subsurface materials, including ores.
- The technique is applied in reconnaissance and anomaly identification in geophysical surveys.
Thermal Conductivity
- Affected by composition and structure, thermal conductivity plays a crucial role in thermal management in geological formations.
- Associated with silica content in rocks, it informs about the conditions and processes affecting the earth's crust.
- Useful in geothermal studies and resource management.
Seismic Properties
- Seismic wave velocity provides insights into the earth's structure and material properties.
- Elastic moduli and density measurements are critical in determining the mechanical characteristics of geological formations.
- Reflective and refractive seismic techniques reveal details about subsurface structures and potential resources.### Reflection on Change
- Methods of reflection, particularly in various settings
- Different factors influencing operational activities
Depth of Marine Water
- Operational depths range from 3 to 200 meters
- Penetration of light in water can be up to 100 meters
Sparkers for High Resolution
- Sparkers operate at depths between 10 to 600 meters
- High-resolution reflection has a range of 1.5 to 25 meters
- The penetration depth in water significantly affects the clarity of images captured
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Description
Test your knowledge about the fundamental steps in mineral exploration and resource estimation. This quiz covers topics such as prospecting, sampling, and the feasibility studies necessary to evaluate the economic viability of ore deposits. Gauge your understanding of the processes that define ore extent and value.
