41 Questions
What is the minimum notice period required for withdrawal from the Mine Ban Treaty?
6 months
What was the outcome of the Oslo Diplomatic Conference on a Total Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines in 1997?
89 states adopted the text
Which of the following organizations worked in partnership with a core group of states to ban landmines?
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines
How many countries have signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction?
164 countries
When did the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction enter into force?
1 March 1999
What is the name of the treaty that was adopted in 1997?
The Mine Ban Treaty
What is the main goal of the United States in regards to the Ottawa Convention?
To pursue materiel and operational solutions to comply with the convention
What is the total number of states that have signed or ratified the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)?
93
What is the main focus of Article 1 of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)?
Prohibitions of nuclear weapons
Which of the following states have not joined the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)?
NWS (Nuclear Weapons States) and NATO members
What is the purpose of Article 2 of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)?
To provide declarations of prohibited activities
When did the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) enter into force?
22 January 2021
What is the primary goal of stigmatizing nuclear weapons?
To change the behavior of possessor states
Why did the Cold War hinder efforts to stigmatize nuclear weapons?
It legitimized nuclear weapons for deterrence and nonproliferation
According to Nina Tannenwald, what has been growing with respect to nuclear weapons?
The taboo on the use of nuclear weapons
What is the limitation of stigmatizing only nuclear weapons?
It does not affect the behavior of possessor states
What is the perspective of nuclear-weapon proponents regarding stigmatization?
Stigmatizing the weapons and not their possessors
What is the primary difference between the stigma on the use and possession of nuclear weapons?
The stigma on use has been growing, but not on possession
What is a characteristic of nuclear weapons that paradoxically supports their use as a deterrent?
Their massive destructive potential
What is the focus of the article in relation to weapons of mass destruction?
Nuclear weapons
Why are nuclear weapons considered the most destructive weapon systems ever invented?
Because they have no defense against them
What is the concept that has been introduced to a wider range of research areas, including international relations, and is relevant to the study of nuclear weapons?
Stigma
What is the connection that Jeffrey Chwieroth has examined in his research?
The connection between stigma and the international financial sector
What is necessary for nuclear-armed states to be prone to stigma and stigmatization?
The nuclear-armed states share the belief that nuclear weapons are abhorrent and not prestigious.
What is the effect of the ban treaty, according to the advocates of the humanitarian initiative?
The nuclear-armed states will be stigmatized.
What is the significance of the 2010 Final Document of the 2010 NPT Review Conference?
It expresses the nuclear-armed states' deep concern at the continued risk of nuclear weapons.
What is the current stance of the majority of states in the world regarding nuclear weapons?
They consider nuclear weapons as a threat to humanity.
What is the prerequisite for the stigmatization of nuclear weapons?
The nuclear-armed states share the belief that nuclear weapons are abhorrent and not prestigious.
What is the goal of the advocates of the humanitarian initiative regarding nuclear weapons?
To stigmatize nuclear weapons and promote their prohibition.
What is a common trend among states that are not parties to the MBT?
They have explicitly adopted the humanitarian discourse promoted by ban proponents
What is the impact of social pressures on states that remain outside of the MBT?
They are pressured to ally with new international norms
What is the attitude of resistant states towards the ban on AP landmines?
They endorse the ethical goals of the ban but seek to avoid legal obligations
What is the significance of the humanitarian discourse in the context of disarmament policy?
It is a key aspect of disarmament policy, promoting the prohibition of AP landmines
What is the relationship between national interests and moral values in the formulation of state policy?
National interests and moral values are subject to redefinition over time
What is the implication of the fact that most non-parties to the MBT have endorsed the humanitarian goals of the ban?
It is a significant step towards the universalization of the treaty
What is the significance of states signaling their support for humanitarian norms, despite arguing that domestic conditions preclude earlier accession?
It signals an important transition in the sensitivity of actors to relevant norms.
What is the role of normative discourse in the context of disarmament policy?
It can reshape the expectations of states and influence their policy decisions.
What is the relationship between the humanitarian purpose of the Mine Ban Treaty and the legitimacy of the treaty among its supporters?
The humanitarian purpose is essential to the legitimacy of the treaty among its supporters.
How do states' actions of signaling support for humanitarian norms, despite arguing that domestic conditions preclude earlier accession, impact the universalization of treaties?
It can contribute to the creation of a new standard for state policy, encouraging other states to follow suit.
What is the significance of the Mine Ban Treaty in the context of global governance?
It represents a shift in the way states approach disarmament and international humanitarian law.
What is the role of human rights advocacy in the context of disarmament policy and treaty universalization?
It is essential to the promotion of disarmament and the universalization of treaties.
Study Notes
Mine Ban Treaty
- The Mine Ban Treaty, also known as the Ottawa Treaty, was opened for signature on December 3, 1997, and entered into force on March 1, 1999.
- The treaty has 164 State Parties and 33 non-State Parties.
- Key provisions of the treaty include:
- Article 1: General obligations
- Article 6: International cooperation and assistance
- Article 7: Transparency measures
- Article 8: Facilitation and clarification of compliance
- Article 9: National implementation measures
- Article 10: Settlement of disputes
- Article 11: Meetings of the State Parties
- Article 12: Review Conferences
- Article 13: Amendments
- Article 14: Costs
- Article 19: Reservations (none allowed)
- Article 20: Duration and withdrawal (unlimited; withdrawal with 6 months' notice, but not during armed conflict)
Allegations of Use
- Recent allegations of use of landmines include:
- Ukraine, a State Party, in 2022 (President of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention states that it will use established procedures to seek clarification of allegations)
- Russia, a non-State Party (report by Human Rights Watch, 29 March 2022)
- Myanmar, a non-State Party (report by Amnesty International, 20 July 2022)
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)
- The TPNW was opened for signature on September 20, 2017, and entered into force on January 22, 2021.
- The treaty has 70 State Parties and 23 signed but not ratified.
- Key provisions of the treaty include:
- Article 1: Prohibitions (covering development, testing, production, manufacture, acquisition, possession, stockpiling, use, or threats of use, as well as stationing, installing, or deployment of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices)
- Article 2: Declarations of prohibited activities prior to entry into force or currently
- Article 3: Safeguards (if Article 4 does not apply, must at a minimum maintain or conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the IAEA)
Stigma and Nuclear Weapons
- The concept of stigma has been introduced to a wider range of research areas, including international relations.
- Stigma research has a tradition in sociological and medical studies, especially concerning mental illness and HIV/AIDS.
- The article questions whether the stigma of nuclear weapons may impact the nuclear policies of nuclear-armed states and, as a result, may accelerate the process toward nuclear-weapon elimination.
- The humanitarian initiative and the resulting TPNW could further alter the paradigm on nuclear weapons, changing them from a symbol of prestige to a "discrediting attribute."
- Through their actions, the pressure from citizens on their governments within the nuclear-armed states may increase.
Test your knowledge on the Mine Ban Treaty, covering its key provisions, including international cooperation, transparency measures, and national implementation. Learn about the treaty's articles and their significance. Evaluate your understanding of this important international agreement.
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