Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Healthcare

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Questions and Answers

Mindful yoga incorporates gentle stretching, coordinated, slow movements and breathing with a focus on the ______ experience.

moment-to-moment

The ______ is part of the medial temporal lobe, under the cortex, and is part of the limbic system.

Hippocampus

A type of scan that creates a clear image of structure inside your body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer is called a ______.

MRI

Grey matter concentration (GMC) is the percentage of grey matter in relative to other ______ in a region.

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the relative ______ of various brain structures between people.

<p>size</p> Signup and view all the answers

VBM transforms a brain scan from an individual to a standardized ______ to find volumetric differences in small areas.

<p>template</p> Signup and view all the answers

VBM always pairs with structural MRI (______ weighted).

<p>T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers are using VBM to measure changes in ______ concentration in the brain.

<p>grey matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Doctors can use EEG to detect the brain waves in ______ and nREM sleep.

<p>REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different dream content associated with vertical eye movement may be due to different environmental ______ or past experience.

<p>influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavior, cognitions and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics and ______.

<p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness meditation has been applied to multiple mental and physical ______, and has received attention from psychological research.

<p>conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since the 1990s, mindfulness meditation has received attention from psychological ______.

<p>research</p> Signup and view all the answers

The definition of mindfulness is a state achieved through meditation that aims to increase ______ of the present-moment experience.

<p>awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness is a technique used for ______-reduction to improve wellbeing.

<p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nature and ______ are key concepts in understanding psychological phenomena.

<p>nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data is often described as ______ and expressive.

<p>descriptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data can express feelings rather than ______ choices.

<p>limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

The collection of qualitative data is subjective and can be ______.

<p>not generalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, the quality of a psychologic character is indicated by ______.

<p>responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data often involves responses to open ______.

<p>questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Detailed observations can be made in case ______ and studies.

<p>studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative analysis can provide ______ results, indicating unusual responses.

<p>in-depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research often uses self-report ______ to gather data.

<p>surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of the control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration.

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration rather than the passage of ______.

<p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lack of correlation between self-reported mindfulness traits and grey matter concentration is also called into ______.

<p>question</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data collected by voxel-based ______.

<p>morphometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only 33 participants were aged 25-55 and had an average of ______ years of education.

<p>17.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness in schools and workplaces is an example of ______ application.

<p>practical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experiences, such as attending a regular mindfulness class, can influence our ______.

<p>biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ethical principle of ______ includes the right to withdrawal and protection from harm.

<p>research ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much males preferred the ______ toy and how much females preferred the "feminine' toy

<p>masculine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Males' preference for wheeled (masculine) > females' preference for ______ (feminine)

<p>plush</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rank & frequency -> positive correlated for wheeled and ______

<p>plush</p> Signup and view all the answers

However, the social rank accounts for little (accounts for ~10%-30%) if any of the variance in interactions with ______.

<p>toys</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both rhesus monkeys and human children showed gender differences in ______ preferences.

<p>toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sex-typed ______ preferences in humans may result from biological sex differences.

<p>toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study found that males preferring ______ toys and females preferring feminine toys.

<p>masculine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study suggests that rhesus monkeys show similar ______ preferences as human children.

<p>toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study by Fagen et al. investigated the effects of ______ on elephant learning.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's study on ______ explored how observing aggression can influence behavior.

<p>aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saavedra & Silverman's research focused on treating ______ using exposure therapy.

<p>button</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social approach in psychology emphasizes the role of ______ in shaping behavior and cognition.

<p>interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) examined the effects of ______ on brain structure.

<p>mindfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ design is a type of experimental design where each participant does only one level of the independent variable.

<p>Independent measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The research on ______ preferences in rhesus monkeys and human children revealed interesting similarities.

<p>toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a ______ design, participants are arranged into pairs based on similarities, with one member of each pair performing at a different level of the independent variable.

<p>Matched pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

The researchers measured how much males preferred the wheeled toy and how much females preferred the "feminine" ______.

<p>toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The repeated measures design is susceptible to greater exposure to ______ characteristics.

<p>demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study found a positive correlation between rank and frequency of interaction with both wheeled and "feminine" ______.

<p>toys</p> Signup and view all the answers

A major weakness of the independent measures design is the greater effect of ______ differences.

<p>individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

The matched pair design helps reduce the effect of ______ characteristics.

<p>demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

A challenge with the matched pair design is the difficulty of choosing the ______ criteria.

<p>matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

The repeated measures design uses fewer ______s, making it more efficient.

<p>participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ measures design has a greater risk of order effects.

<p>Repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dreams are not ______ events but rather experienced in "real time"

<p>instantaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

People can judge their ______ in REM with accuracy

<p>duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eye movements during REM sleep are not ______, but are directly related to dream imagery

<p>random</p> Signup and view all the answers

The procedure can be replicated to see if the finding about ... is ______

<p>reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

All slept in a bed in a ______, dark room

<p>quiet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data is often described as ______ and expressive

<p>rich</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of the control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lack of correlation between self-reported mindfulness traits and grey matter concentration is also called into ______

<p>question</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study included 33 ______ adults.

<p>right-handed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants in the MBSR group practiced mindfulness for an average of 22.6 ______ of exercises.

<p>hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ group showed significant increases on the FFMQ scale after the MBSR program.

<p>MBSR</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study used ______ to measure changes in grey matter concentration in the brain.

<p>VBM</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study's use of a control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration.

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study found that males preferring ______ toys and females preferring feminine toys.

<p>wheeled</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study suggests that rhesus monkeys show similar ______ preferences as human children.

<p>toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ethical principle of ______ includes the right to withdrawal and protection from harm.

<p>informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the culprit is not among the people in line-up, children are more likely than adults to identify an innocent person, resulting in a ______ response.

<p>false positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study aimed to investigate the role of social and cognitive factors in children's ______ of target faces in line-ups.

<p>identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study involved two types of line-up tasks: the ______ present task and the target absent task.

<p>target</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study examined how social and cognitive factors affect children's ______ accuracy in line-up identification.

<p>identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

The participants in the study were recruited from kindergarten classes in three private schools in Eastern Ontario, ______.

<p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study included a sample of ______ children aged 4-7 years.

<p>59</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study's independent variables included age, line-up type, and ______ of cognitive demand.

<p>level</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study's dependent variable was the accuracy of ______ in both target-present and target-absent line-up tasks.

<p>identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Data Analysis

  • Qualitative data is descriptive and can express opinions rather than limited by fixed choices
  • Qualitative data collection is subjective and cannot be generalized
  • Unusual responses can be noticed and explored in qualitative data
  • Qualitative data is useful for patients with sleep disorders
  • EEG can be used to detect brain waves in REM and nREM sleep to see if there are any abnormalities
  • Brain waves in REM and nREM sleep are biological responses we were born with (nature)
  • Dream content associated with vertical eye movement may be due to different environmental influences/past experiences (nurture)
  • Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics, and evolution
  • Similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of biological factors and their interaction with other factors
  • Dreaming occurs during REM sleep, so similarities between people can be understood in terms of biological factors

Psychology Being Investigated

  • Mindfulness is a state achieved through meditation that aims to increase awareness of the present-moment experience and enable a person to look at themselves in a compassionate, non-judgmental way
  • Mindfulness has been applied to multiple mental and physical conditions since the 1990s
  • Types of mindfulness meditation include body scanning, mindful yoga, and sitting meditation
  • Brain localization involves functionally distinct and physically discrete brain structures responsible for specific behaviors/cognitive processes
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a type of scan that creates a clear image of structures inside the body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer
  • Grey matter concentration (GMC) is the percentage of grey matter in relation to other tissues in a region
  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the relative size of various brain structures between people
  • Performing region of interests (ROI) analysis, and whole-brain analysis

Issue and Debate

  • Mindfulness in schools and workplaces can help students learn to use MBSR as a technique to release stress
  • Nature vs. nurture debate in mindfulness and brain development
  • Individual vs. situational explanations for mindfulness and brain development
  • Ethical considerations in mindfulness research, including the right to withdrawal, informed consent, protection from physical and psychological harm, and confidentiality
  • Generalization limitations in mindfulness research due to small sample size and demographic restrictions

Fagen et al. (Elephant Learning) - New Study

  • Investigates psychology being learned
  • Background: elephant learning study
  • Aims: to investigate learning in elephants
  • Research methods: not specified
  • Results: not specified
  • Conclusion: not specified
  • Evaluation: not specified
  • Issues and debates: not specified
  • Link to assumptions: not specified

Bandura et al. (Aggression)

  • Investigates psychology being learned
  • Background: aggression study
  • Aim: to investigate aggression on 19 test
  • Research methods: not specified
  • Result: not specified
  • Conclusion: not specified
  • Evaluation: not specified on 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 test
  • Issue and debate: not specified
  • Link to assumption: not specified

Saavedra & Silverman (Button Phobia)

  • Investigates psychology being learned
  • Background: button phobia study
  • Aim: to investigate button phobia
  • Research methods: behavioral exposures - in vivo exposure, imagery exposure therapy - in vitro exposure
  • Behavioral exposure result: not specified
  • Imagery exposure result: not specified
  • Post-treatment and follow-up procedure and results: not specified
  • Conclusion: not specified
  • Evaluation: not specified
  • Issue and debate: not specified
  • Link to assumption: not specified

Social Approach

  • Definition: not specified
  • Milgram et al. - major experimental design methods
    • Repeated measure design: same participant does every level of the IV, strengths: less effect of participant variables, uses fewer participants, weaknesses: greater exposure to demand characteristics, more order effect
    • Independent measure design: each participant does only one level of the IV, strengths: no order effect, weaknesses: more effect of individual differences
    • Matched pair design: arranged into pairs based on similarities, strengths: reducing the effect of demand characteristics, weaknesses: hard to choose the matching criteria, smaller sample size

Conclusion

  • Study 1: dreams probably occur only during REM sleep
  • Study 2: dreams are not instantaneous events but rather experienced in "real time"
  • Study 3: eye movements during REM sleep are not random, but are directly related to dream imagery

Evaluation

  • Reliability: standardization, easy to replicate and test for reliability, procedure can be replicated to see if the finding is reliable
  • Data: quantitative data, sample demographics, exclusion criteria, procedure, and other analysis

Other Studies

  • Study on mindfulness: MBSR group vs. control group, results: MBSR group showed significantly increased scores on FFMQ after the completion of the 8-week mindfulness program
  • Study on line-up tasks: investigates the role of social and cognitive factors in children's identification of target faces in line-ups, results: not specified

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