Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Healthcare

Questions and Answers

Mindful yoga incorporates gentle stretching, coordinated, slow movements and breathing with a focus on the ______ experience.

moment-to-moment

The ______ is part of the medial temporal lobe, under the cortex, and is part of the limbic system.

Hippocampus

A type of scan that creates a clear image of structure inside your body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer is called a ______.

MRI

Grey matter concentration (GMC) is the percentage of grey matter in relative to other ______ in a region.

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the relative ______ of various brain structures between people.

size Signup and view all the answers

VBM transforms a brain scan from an individual to a standardized ______ to find volumetric differences in small areas.

template Signup and view all the answers

VBM always pairs with structural MRI (______ weighted).

T1 Signup and view all the answers

Researchers are using VBM to measure changes in ______ concentration in the brain.

grey matter Signup and view all the answers

Doctors can use EEG to detect the brain waves in ______ and nREM sleep.

REM Signup and view all the answers

Different dream content associated with vertical eye movement may be due to different environmental ______ or past experience.

influence Signup and view all the answers

Behavior, cognitions and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics and ______.

evolution Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness meditation has been applied to multiple mental and physical ______, and has received attention from psychological research.

conditions Signup and view all the answers

Since the 1990s, mindfulness meditation has received attention from psychological ______.

research Signup and view all the answers

The definition of mindfulness is a state achieved through meditation that aims to increase ______ of the present-moment experience.

awareness Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness is a technique used for ______-reduction to improve wellbeing.

stress Signup and view all the answers

Nature and ______ are key concepts in understanding psychological phenomena.

nurture Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data is often described as ______ and expressive.

descriptive Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data can express feelings rather than ______ choices.

limited Signup and view all the answers

The collection of qualitative data is subjective and can be ______.

not generalized Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, the quality of a psychologic character is indicated by ______.

responses Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data often involves responses to open ______.

questions Signup and view all the answers

Detailed observations can be made in case ______ and studies.

studies Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative analysis can provide ______ results, indicating unusual responses.

in-depth Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research often uses self-report ______ to gather data.

surveys Signup and view all the answers

The use of the control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration.

validity Signup and view all the answers

MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration rather than the passage of ______.

time Signup and view all the answers

Lack of correlation between self-reported mindfulness traits and grey matter concentration is also called into ______.

question Signup and view all the answers

Data collected by voxel-based ______.

morphometry Signup and view all the answers

Only 33 participants were aged 25-55 and had an average of ______ years of education.

17.5 Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness in schools and workplaces is an example of ______ application.

practical Signup and view all the answers

Experiences, such as attending a regular mindfulness class, can influence our ______.

biology Signup and view all the answers

The ethical principle of ______ includes the right to withdrawal and protection from harm.

research ethics Signup and view all the answers

How much males preferred the ______ toy and how much females preferred the "feminine' toy

masculine Signup and view all the answers

Males' preference for wheeled (masculine) > females' preference for ______ (feminine)

plush Signup and view all the answers

Rank & frequency -> positive correlated for wheeled and ______

plush Signup and view all the answers

However, the social rank accounts for little (accounts for ~10%-30%) if any of the variance in interactions with ______.

toys Signup and view all the answers

Both rhesus monkeys and human children showed gender differences in ______ preferences.

toy Signup and view all the answers

Sex-typed ______ preferences in humans may result from biological sex differences.

toy Signup and view all the answers

The study found that males preferring ______ toys and females preferring feminine toys.

masculine Signup and view all the answers

The study suggests that rhesus monkeys show similar ______ preferences as human children.

toy Signup and view all the answers

The study by Fagen et al. investigated the effects of ______ on elephant learning.

social Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's study on ______ explored how observing aggression can influence behavior.

aggression Signup and view all the answers

Saavedra & Silverman's research focused on treating ______ using exposure therapy.

button Signup and view all the answers

The social approach in psychology emphasizes the role of ______ in shaping behavior and cognition.

interactions Signup and view all the answers

The study using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) examined the effects of ______ on brain structure.

mindfulness Signup and view all the answers

The ______ design is a type of experimental design where each participant does only one level of the independent variable.

Independent measure Signup and view all the answers

The research on ______ preferences in rhesus monkeys and human children revealed interesting similarities.

toy Signup and view all the answers

In a ______ design, participants are arranged into pairs based on similarities, with one member of each pair performing at a different level of the independent variable.

Matched pair Signup and view all the answers

The researchers measured how much males preferred the wheeled toy and how much females preferred the "feminine" ______.

toy Signup and view all the answers

The repeated measures design is susceptible to greater exposure to ______ characteristics.

demand Signup and view all the answers

The study found a positive correlation between rank and frequency of interaction with both wheeled and "feminine" ______.

toys Signup and view all the answers

A major weakness of the independent measures design is the greater effect of ______ differences.

individual Signup and view all the answers

The matched pair design helps reduce the effect of ______ characteristics.

demand Signup and view all the answers

A challenge with the matched pair design is the difficulty of choosing the ______ criteria.

matching Signup and view all the answers

The repeated measures design uses fewer ______s, making it more efficient.

participants Signup and view all the answers

The ______ measures design has a greater risk of order effects.

Repeated Signup and view all the answers

Dreams are not ______ events but rather experienced in "real time"

instantaneous Signup and view all the answers

People can judge their ______ in REM with accuracy

duration Signup and view all the answers

Eye movements during REM sleep are not ______, but are directly related to dream imagery

random Signup and view all the answers

The procedure can be replicated to see if the finding about ... is ______

reliable Signup and view all the answers

All slept in a bed in a ______, dark room

quiet Signup and view all the answers

Data is often described as ______ and expressive

rich Signup and view all the answers

The use of the control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration

validity Signup and view all the answers

Lack of correlation between self-reported mindfulness traits and grey matter concentration is also called into ______

question Signup and view all the answers

The study included 33 ______ adults.

right-handed Signup and view all the answers

Participants in the MBSR group practiced mindfulness for an average of 22.6 ______ of exercises.

hours Signup and view all the answers

The ______ group showed significant increases on the FFMQ scale after the MBSR program.

MBSR Signup and view all the answers

The study used ______ to measure changes in grey matter concentration in the brain.

VBM Signup and view all the answers

The study's use of a control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration.

validity Signup and view all the answers

The study found that males preferring ______ toys and females preferring feminine toys.

wheeled Signup and view all the answers

The study suggests that rhesus monkeys show similar ______ preferences as human children.

toy Signup and view all the answers

The ethical principle of ______ includes the right to withdrawal and protection from harm.

informed consent Signup and view all the answers

When the culprit is not among the people in line-up, children are more likely than adults to identify an innocent person, resulting in a ______ response.

false positive Signup and view all the answers

The study aimed to investigate the role of social and cognitive factors in children's ______ of target faces in line-ups.

identification Signup and view all the answers

The study involved two types of line-up tasks: the ______ present task and the target absent task.

target Signup and view all the answers

The study examined how social and cognitive factors affect children's ______ accuracy in line-up identification.

identification Signup and view all the answers

The participants in the study were recruited from kindergarten classes in three private schools in Eastern Ontario, ______.

Canada Signup and view all the answers

The study included a sample of ______ children aged 4-7 years.

59 Signup and view all the answers

The study's independent variables included age, line-up type, and ______ of cognitive demand.

level Signup and view all the answers

The study's dependent variable was the accuracy of ______ in both target-present and target-absent line-up tasks.

identification Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Analysis

Qualitative data is descriptive and can express opinions rather than limited by fixed choices
Qualitative data collection is subjective and cannot be generalized
Unusual responses can be noticed and explored in qualitative data
Qualitative data is useful for patients with sleep disorders
EEG can be used to detect brain waves in REM and nREM sleep to see if there are any abnormalities
Brain waves in REM and nREM sleep are biological responses we were born with (nature)
Dream content associated with vertical eye movement may be due to different environmental influences/past experiences (nurture)

Link to Assumption

Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics, and evolution
Similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of biological factors and their interaction with other factors
Dreaming occurs during REM sleep, so similarities between people can be understood in terms of biological factors

Psychology Being Investigated

Mindfulness is a state achieved through meditation that aims to increase awareness of the present-moment experience and enable a person to look at themselves in a compassionate, non-judgmental way
Mindfulness has been applied to multiple mental and physical conditions since the 1990s
Types of mindfulness meditation include body scanning, mindful yoga, and sitting meditation
Brain localization involves functionally distinct and physically discrete brain structures responsible for specific behaviors/cognitive processes
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a type of scan that creates a clear image of structures inside the body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer
Grey matter concentration (GMC) is the percentage of grey matter in relation to other tissues in a region
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the relative size of various brain structures between people
Performing region of interests (ROI) analysis, and whole-brain analysis

Issue and Debate

Mindfulness in schools and workplaces can help students learn to use MBSR as a technique to release stress
Nature vs. nurture debate in mindfulness and brain development
Individual vs. situational explanations for mindfulness and brain development
Ethical considerations in mindfulness research, including the right to withdrawal, informed consent, protection from physical and psychological harm, and confidentiality
Generalization limitations in mindfulness research due to small sample size and demographic restrictions

Fagen et al. (Elephant Learning) - New Study

Investigates psychology being learned
Background: elephant learning study
Aims: to investigate learning in elephants
Research methods: not specified
Results: not specified
Conclusion: not specified
Evaluation: not specified
Issues and debates: not specified
Link to assumptions: not specified

Bandura et al. (Aggression)

Investigates psychology being learned
Background: aggression study
Aim: to investigate aggression on 19 test
Research methods: not specified
Result: not specified
Conclusion: not specified
Evaluation: not specified on 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 test
Issue and debate: not specified
Link to assumption: not specified

Saavedra & Silverman (Button Phobia)

Investigates psychology being learned
Background: button phobia study
Aim: to investigate button phobia
Research methods: behavioral exposures - in vivo exposure, imagery exposure therapy - in vitro exposure
Behavioral exposure result: not specified
Imagery exposure result: not specified
Post-treatment and follow-up procedure and results: not specified
Conclusion: not specified
Evaluation: not specified
Issue and debate: not specified
Link to assumption: not specified

Definition: not specified
Milgram et al. - major experimental design methods
- Repeated measure design: same participant does every level of the IV, strengths: less effect of participant variables, uses fewer participants, weaknesses: greater exposure to demand characteristics, more order effect
- Independent measure design: each participant does only one level of the IV, strengths: no order effect, weaknesses: more effect of individual differences
- Matched pair design: arranged into pairs based on similarities, strengths: reducing the effect of demand characteristics, weaknesses: hard to choose the matching criteria, smaller sample size

Conclusion

Study 1: dreams probably occur only during REM sleep
Study 2: dreams are not instantaneous events but rather experienced in "real time"
Study 3: eye movements during REM sleep are not random, but are directly related to dream imagery

Evaluation

Reliability: standardization, easy to replicate and test for reliability, procedure can be replicated to see if the finding is reliable
Data: quantitative data, sample demographics, exclusion criteria, procedure, and other analysis

Other Studies

Study on mindfulness: MBSR group vs. control group, results: MBSR group showed significantly increased scores on FFMQ after the completion of the 8-week mindfulness program
Study on line-up tasks: investigates the role of social and cognitive factors in children's identification of target faces in line-ups, results: not specified

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Description

Explore the clinical applications of mindfulness practices in treating anxiety, chronic pain, and substance abuse. Learn about body scanning, mindful yoga, and sitting meditation techniques.