Questions and Answers
Mindful yoga incorporates gentle stretching, coordinated, slow movements and breathing with a focus on the ______ experience.
moment-to-moment
The ______ is part of the medial temporal lobe, under the cortex, and is part of the limbic system.
Hippocampus
A type of scan that creates a clear image of structure inside your body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer is called a ______.
MRI
Grey matter concentration (GMC) is the percentage of grey matter in relative to other ______ in a region.
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Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the relative ______ of various brain structures between people.
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VBM transforms a brain scan from an individual to a standardized ______ to find volumetric differences in small areas.
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VBM always pairs with structural MRI (______ weighted).
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Researchers are using VBM to measure changes in ______ concentration in the brain.
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Doctors can use EEG to detect the brain waves in ______ and nREM sleep.
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Different dream content associated with vertical eye movement may be due to different environmental ______ or past experience.
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Behavior, cognitions and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics and ______.
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Mindfulness meditation has been applied to multiple mental and physical ______, and has received attention from psychological research.
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Since the 1990s, mindfulness meditation has received attention from psychological ______.
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The definition of mindfulness is a state achieved through meditation that aims to increase ______ of the present-moment experience.
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Mindfulness is a technique used for ______-reduction to improve wellbeing.
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Nature and ______ are key concepts in understanding psychological phenomena.
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Qualitative data is often described as ______ and expressive.
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Qualitative data can express feelings rather than ______ choices.
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The collection of qualitative data is subjective and can be ______.
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In qualitative research, the quality of a psychologic character is indicated by ______.
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Qualitative data often involves responses to open ______.
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Detailed observations can be made in case ______ and studies.
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Qualitative analysis can provide ______ results, indicating unusual responses.
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Qualitative research often uses self-report ______ to gather data.
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The use of the control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration.
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MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration rather than the passage of ______.
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Lack of correlation between self-reported mindfulness traits and grey matter concentration is also called into ______.
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Data collected by voxel-based ______.
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Only 33 participants were aged 25-55 and had an average of ______ years of education.
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Mindfulness in schools and workplaces is an example of ______ application.
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Experiences, such as attending a regular mindfulness class, can influence our ______.
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The ethical principle of ______ includes the right to withdrawal and protection from harm.
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How much males preferred the ______ toy and how much females preferred the "feminine' toy
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Males' preference for wheeled (masculine) > females' preference for ______ (feminine)
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Rank & frequency -> positive correlated for wheeled and ______
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However, the social rank accounts for little (accounts for ~10%-30%) if any of the variance in interactions with ______.
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Both rhesus monkeys and human children showed gender differences in ______ preferences.
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Sex-typed ______ preferences in humans may result from biological sex differences.
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The study found that males preferring ______ toys and females preferring feminine toys.
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The study suggests that rhesus monkeys show similar ______ preferences as human children.
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The study by Fagen et al. investigated the effects of ______ on elephant learning.
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Bandura's study on ______ explored how observing aggression can influence behavior.
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Saavedra & Silverman's research focused on treating ______ using exposure therapy.
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The social approach in psychology emphasizes the role of ______ in shaping behavior and cognition.
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The study using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) examined the effects of ______ on brain structure.
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The ______ design is a type of experimental design where each participant does only one level of the independent variable.
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The research on ______ preferences in rhesus monkeys and human children revealed interesting similarities.
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In a ______ design, participants are arranged into pairs based on similarities, with one member of each pair performing at a different level of the independent variable.
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The researchers measured how much males preferred the wheeled toy and how much females preferred the "feminine" ______.
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The repeated measures design is susceptible to greater exposure to ______ characteristics.
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The study found a positive correlation between rank and frequency of interaction with both wheeled and "feminine" ______.
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A major weakness of the independent measures design is the greater effect of ______ differences.
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The matched pair design helps reduce the effect of ______ characteristics.
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A challenge with the matched pair design is the difficulty of choosing the ______ criteria.
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The repeated measures design uses fewer ______s, making it more efficient.
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The ______ measures design has a greater risk of order effects.
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Dreams are not ______ events but rather experienced in "real time"
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People can judge their ______ in REM with accuracy
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Eye movements during REM sleep are not ______, but are directly related to dream imagery
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The procedure can be replicated to see if the finding about ... is ______
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All slept in a bed in a ______, dark room
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Data is often described as ______ and expressive
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The use of the control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration
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Lack of correlation between self-reported mindfulness traits and grey matter concentration is also called into ______
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The study included 33 ______ adults.
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Participants in the MBSR group practiced mindfulness for an average of 22.6 ______ of exercises.
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The ______ group showed significant increases on the FFMQ scale after the MBSR program.
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The study used ______ to measure changes in grey matter concentration in the brain.
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The study's use of a control group increased the study's ______, strengthening the conclusion that MBSR caused an increase in grey matter concentration.
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The study found that males preferring ______ toys and females preferring feminine toys.
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The study suggests that rhesus monkeys show similar ______ preferences as human children.
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The ethical principle of ______ includes the right to withdrawal and protection from harm.
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When the culprit is not among the people in line-up, children are more likely than adults to identify an innocent person, resulting in a ______ response.
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The study aimed to investigate the role of social and cognitive factors in children's ______ of target faces in line-ups.
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The study involved two types of line-up tasks: the ______ present task and the target absent task.
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The study examined how social and cognitive factors affect children's ______ accuracy in line-up identification.
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The participants in the study were recruited from kindergarten classes in three private schools in Eastern Ontario, ______.
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The study included a sample of ______ children aged 4-7 years.
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The study's independent variables included age, line-up type, and ______ of cognitive demand.
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The study's dependent variable was the accuracy of ______ in both target-present and target-absent line-up tasks.
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Study Notes
Data Analysis
- Qualitative data is descriptive and can express opinions rather than limited by fixed choices
- Qualitative data collection is subjective and cannot be generalized
- Unusual responses can be noticed and explored in qualitative data
- Qualitative data is useful for patients with sleep disorders
- EEG can be used to detect brain waves in REM and nREM sleep to see if there are any abnormalities
- Brain waves in REM and nREM sleep are biological responses we were born with (nature)
- Dream content associated with vertical eye movement may be due to different environmental influences/past experiences (nurture)
Link to Assumption
- Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics, and evolution
- Similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of biological factors and their interaction with other factors
- Dreaming occurs during REM sleep, so similarities between people can be understood in terms of biological factors
Psychology Being Investigated
- Mindfulness is a state achieved through meditation that aims to increase awareness of the present-moment experience and enable a person to look at themselves in a compassionate, non-judgmental way
- Mindfulness has been applied to multiple mental and physical conditions since the 1990s
- Types of mindfulness meditation include body scanning, mindful yoga, and sitting meditation
- Brain localization involves functionally distinct and physically discrete brain structures responsible for specific behaviors/cognitive processes
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a type of scan that creates a clear image of structures inside the body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer
- Grey matter concentration (GMC) is the percentage of grey matter in relation to other tissues in a region
- Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the relative size of various brain structures between people
- Performing region of interests (ROI) analysis, and whole-brain analysis
Issue and Debate
- Mindfulness in schools and workplaces can help students learn to use MBSR as a technique to release stress
- Nature vs. nurture debate in mindfulness and brain development
- Individual vs. situational explanations for mindfulness and brain development
- Ethical considerations in mindfulness research, including the right to withdrawal, informed consent, protection from physical and psychological harm, and confidentiality
- Generalization limitations in mindfulness research due to small sample size and demographic restrictions
Fagen et al. (Elephant Learning) - New Study
- Investigates psychology being learned
- Background: elephant learning study
- Aims: to investigate learning in elephants
- Research methods: not specified
- Results: not specified
- Conclusion: not specified
- Evaluation: not specified
- Issues and debates: not specified
- Link to assumptions: not specified
Bandura et al. (Aggression)
- Investigates psychology being learned
- Background: aggression study
- Aim: to investigate aggression on 19 test
- Research methods: not specified
- Result: not specified
- Conclusion: not specified
- Evaluation: not specified on 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 test
- Issue and debate: not specified
- Link to assumption: not specified
Saavedra & Silverman (Button Phobia)
- Investigates psychology being learned
- Background: button phobia study
- Aim: to investigate button phobia
- Research methods: behavioral exposures - in vivo exposure, imagery exposure therapy - in vitro exposure
- Behavioral exposure result: not specified
- Imagery exposure result: not specified
- Post-treatment and follow-up procedure and results: not specified
- Conclusion: not specified
- Evaluation: not specified
- Issue and debate: not specified
- Link to assumption: not specified
Social Approach
- Definition: not specified
- Milgram et al. - major experimental design methods
- Repeated measure design: same participant does every level of the IV, strengths: less effect of participant variables, uses fewer participants, weaknesses: greater exposure to demand characteristics, more order effect
- Independent measure design: each participant does only one level of the IV, strengths: no order effect, weaknesses: more effect of individual differences
- Matched pair design: arranged into pairs based on similarities, strengths: reducing the effect of demand characteristics, weaknesses: hard to choose the matching criteria, smaller sample size
Conclusion
- Study 1: dreams probably occur only during REM sleep
- Study 2: dreams are not instantaneous events but rather experienced in "real time"
- Study 3: eye movements during REM sleep are not random, but are directly related to dream imagery
Evaluation
- Reliability: standardization, easy to replicate and test for reliability, procedure can be replicated to see if the finding is reliable
- Data: quantitative data, sample demographics, exclusion criteria, procedure, and other analysis
Other Studies
- Study on mindfulness: MBSR group vs. control group, results: MBSR group showed significantly increased scores on FFMQ after the completion of the 8-week mindfulness program
- Study on line-up tasks: investigates the role of social and cognitive factors in children's identification of target faces in line-ups, results: not specified
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Description
Explore the clinical applications of mindfulness practices in treating anxiety, chronic pain, and substance abuse. Learn about body scanning, mindful yoga, and sitting meditation techniques.