Military and Internal Weaknesses of Societies

<p>To make the Ottoman legal system more acceptable to Europeans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land Reform Code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protected rights of privacy and ensured equality before the law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishment of secular education under state control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>European diplomats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction of press freedom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote the development of the Ottoman economy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turkish should be the primary language of instruction in all schools. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They led to a decrease in the Sultan's power as Parliament was restored. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They ultimately led to the downfall of the Empire by provoking ethnic and religious tensions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They believed he had concentrated too much power in his own hands, hindering political progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasis on secular, modern education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of a new class of educated Ottomans who were dissatisfied with the Empire's political structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increased tensions by promoting Turkish dominance and suppressing other languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To modernize the military and address internal threats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Janissaries were initially supportive but eventually revolted against the new military system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They created a more unified army, less reliant on traditional Ottoman military practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He aimed to modernize education by establishing institutions that taught modern subjects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He introduced policies that challenged the authority of land-owning elites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expansion of the Ottoman Empire through military conquest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They strengthened the Ottoman Empire's position, although it faced internal challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They all carried out reforms to address changing geopolitical realities and internal challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of independent governors and their private armies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They established their own independent tax systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egypt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They used military force to suppress any rebellions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To use Egypt as a base to attack British interests in India. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He established a modern army and initiated industrialization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competing for the same interests in the Ottoman Empire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ottoman Empire was on the brink of collapse due to internal strife and external pressures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid the responsibility of administering justice to foreign merchants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing European businesses to pay lower taxes and establish themselves in Ottoman territories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capitulations were seen as a violation of Ottoman sovereignty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The high costs of maintaining its bureaucracy and military exceeded its income. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Janissaries, fearing the loss of their power and privileges, revolted and killed the new troops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To strengthen and preserve the Ottoman state from further decline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limiting taxation, increasing agricultural production, and reducing corruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rebellion resulted in Selim III's death and a temporary setback for modernization efforts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The weakening military power of the central Ottoman government, leading to loss of authority.

Local rulers who maintained autonomy and created private armies to support the sultan in exchange for recognition.

When local rulers collected taxes for themselves instead of the central government, diminishing state revenue.

The Ottoman Empire's loss of lands due to conflicts with Russia, Austria, and nationalist uprisings.

The formal acknowledgment by Ottoman rulers of the independence of Balkan provinces like Greece and Serbia.

The 1798 invasion of Egypt by Napoleon, aimed at threatening British interests but ultimately failing.

The general who gained control of Egypt post-Napoleon, creating a strong military and economic reforms.

Muhammad Ali's initiative focusing on cotton textiles and armaments to strengthen the economy and military.

Agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law.

The right of foreign powers to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens in a host country.

Capitulation treaties signed by Ottoman sultans to manage foreign merchants.

The establishment of European businesses in the Ottoman empire using capitulations.

Reduced revenue in the Ottoman state leading to a budget crisis.

Elite infantry units of the Ottoman empire that opposed military reforms.

Plans by Ottoman leaders to strengthen the state amid crises.

Successor to Selim III, who faced revolt from the Janissaries.

A dissident organization promoting reform in the Ottoman Empire, founded in 1889.

The right for all adults to vote, irrespective of gender, race, or status.

The process of separating religion from political and educational institutions.

The liberation of women from restrictive social and legal norms.

Another name for the Young Turk Party, focused on reforming the empire.

The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire, which limited the sultan's powers.

The re-establishment of parliamentary governance after the Young Turks' coup.

Changes in education policy to use Turkish and modern curricula in schools.

Period from 1908 to 1918 when Ottoman sultans reigned but did not rule effectively.

The Young Turks' goal to establish Turkish dominance in the Ottoman Empire.

The Young Turks made Turkish the official language, ignoring other ethnic languages.

Active opposition by Arab peoples in Syria and Iraq against Ottoman rule.

Despite reforms, the empire continued to lose wars and faced demands for autonomy.

Battlefield losses that highlighted Russia's lag behind Western European powers.

The significant reform in Russia that freed serfs and initiated social change.

Radical reactions against Tsarist autocracy that escalated in the late 19th century.

A series of initiatives to modernize the Ottoman Empire in response to European encroachment.

The event where Mahmud II's loyal troops killed mutinous Janissaries in 1826.

The new military force organized by Mahmud II, trained and equipped like European armies.

Institutions established to educate Ottoman recruits in European curricula.

Mahmud's effort to reduce the influence of traditional elites and strengthen the sultan's authority.

Mahmud II's establishment of European-style ministries and public services.

The Ottoman ruler from 1876 to 1909, known for a reign marked by reform and eventual deposition.

An era of significant reform in the Ottoman Empire from 1839 to 1876 aimed at modernization.

Changes made to the Ottoman legal system to ensure equality and lift European capitulations.

A series of initiatives to create a state-controlled education system including primary to university levels.

A legal code promulgated in 1850 to regulate commerce in the Ottoman Empire.

A principle guaranteeing that all subjects, regardless of religion, are treated equally under Ottoman law.

Islamic scholars and clerics who traditionally had significant influence over religious and legal matters.

Resistance from religious conservatives and minority leaders against the reforms.

An ambitious plan initiated in 1869 to ensure education is accessible to all children without cost.