Mild/Moderate Special Education Study Guide

Questions and Answers

Which statement is true about developmentally disabled students' transfer and maintenance of learning? (Select all that apply)

Students should not practice fundamental skills until these become automatic. (correct)

Instructional tasks and settings should resemble application tasks and settings. (correct)

Applying a skill should be done uniformly, without discriminating among cases. (correct)

Students should first acquire a skill, then gain fluency in it, and then transfer it. (correct)

Which of these is typical of most models of research-based interventions for individual students? (Select all that apply)

Research-based intervention removes targeted students from the general education classroom.

Emotional, social, and behavioral supports target individual students rather than whole schools.

Students above and below grade level, ELLs, and DD learners receive differentiated instruction. (correct)

Research-based intervention monitors student progress via infrequent, thorough assessments.

Which supplemental curriculum is likely most important for Stan to become as independent as possible?

Daily living activities

All are equally needed.

Functional academics

Employment training (correct)

Which piece of adaptive equipment could help all of the following students: one with hearing impairment, one with communication deficits, one with cognitive deficits, and one with fine-motor skills deficits?

A word processor with voice output Signup and view all the answers

What is the best strategy to support Sue's transition goal from school to work?

Continue school half the time and work at the job half the time, supported by a job coach Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a preventive strategy for an at-risk student?

School-wide behavioral supports Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does Vygotsky's term 'scaffolding' refer to?

Support that is gradually withdrawn as independence grows Signup and view all the answers

Which change is most likely to address problem behaviors during transitions for students with intellectual disabilities?

Creating a transition from every activity to the next Signup and view all the answers

Introducing each of the stages of career development for students with disabilities should be determined most by which of the following?

The student's developmental level Signup and view all the answers

What IQ scores do people with mild levels of intellectual disabilities typically have?

above 50-55 Signup and view all the answers

In the SMART acronym, what does the 'M' stand for?

Measurable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be included in the Instructional Procedures section of a lesson plan?

Assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct regarding lesson plans and assessment of student learning?

The lesson plan should specify formative and summative assessments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of a learning objective in a lesson plan?

John will score at least 80% on reading tests by June 1. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most applicable to providing access to curriculum for a student who is hard of hearing?

Speech-to-text software Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding access to the general curriculum (AGC) for disabled students is true?

The law requires AGC, active involvement, and progress. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an advisable teacher strategy for creating an inclusive learning environment?

Creating a 'meeting spot' for gathering. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best strategy for managing Janice's behavior when she needs help?

Train her to raise her hand. Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first step for staff regarding Jimmy's classroom behaviors?

Conduct a functional behavior analysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which teaching method best combines paired and small-group activities with whole-class activities?

Building a strong classroom community. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an alternative placement included in IDEA's definition of special education?

All of the above are alternatives. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT defined as a supplementary service by IDEA?

Mainstreamed instruction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is accurate regarding psychometric vs. developmental approaches to learning?

Psychometric approaches see performance variations as amounts of ability. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents a developmental philosophy of education?

Learning involves problem-solving strategies determined by content. Signup and view all the answers

Which instructional strategy is most likely to support LD students in taking risks during reading lessons?

Invite students to ask questions about the lesson. Signup and view all the answers

Which argument is valid for providing 1:1 instruction for students failing to learn to read?

1:1 instruction is effective for LD students. Signup and view all the answers

What is the umbrella term for children who struggle with issues in their abilities to read, write, speak, listen, reason, or do math?

Specific Learning Disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What disability limits a child's strength, energy, or alertness?

Other Health Impairment Signup and view all the answers

What disability mostly affects a child's social and communication skills?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to different mental disorders?

Emotional Disturbance Signup and view all the answers

What do we call children with language impairments?

Speech or Language Impairment Signup and view all the answers

What term describes children with visual impairments that significantly impair their ability to learn?

Visual Impairment including Blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for children diagnosed with hearing impairment or deafness?

Deafness hearing impairment and deaf/blindness Signup and view all the answers

What impairment affects the muscle or skeletal structure?

Orthopedic Impairment (OI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis for students with below-average intellectual abilities?

intellectual disability Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves children who have suffered from brain injuries?

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to one or more disabilities defined by IDEA?

Multiple Disabilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best sign that a child is developing the ability to perform abstract mental operations? (Select all that apply)

Reversibility Signup and view all the answers

In behaviorism, which of the following has been found most effective to increase a desired behavior?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Cathy has coexisting conditions, including spina bifida. Which of the following is most likely true about her self-injurious behavior?

The self-injurious behavior is an attempt to communicate a need. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowen's Family Systems Theory, what is typical of the basic family relationship pattern when a child has a disability?

Excessive parental anxiety engenders a child with disabilities' corresponding excessive anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most accurate regarding environmental influences on the development and achievement of students with developmental disabilities?

Access to academic rigor and realistic but high expectations enable DD students' higher achievement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Down syndrome?

Chromosomal difference Signup and view all the answers

What is Piaget's phrase for the strict and unwavering adherence to a rule?

Moral realism Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of the population is classified as intellectually disabled?

2 to 3% Signup and view all the answers

For a teacher, what is the most common indicator that a student has a learning disability?

Difference between measures of potential and achievement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible symptom of rubella?

Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

Judy has moderate intellectual disabilities and extreme temper tantrums. During a tantrum, she slaps her roommate. What area reflects a need for remediation?

Affective behavior Signup and view all the answers

IDEA's definition of intellectual disabilities includes 'significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning' as well as which of the following?

All of the above are part of the definition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT primarily an assessment of adaptive skills?

The WISC-IV Signup and view all the answers

The majority of people with intellectual disabilities have what level of intellectual disabilities?

Mild Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Specific Learning Disabilities

Encompasses difficulties in reading, writing, speaking, listening, reasoning, or math.

Other Health Impairment

Refers to disabilities that limit a child's strength, energy, or alertness.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Primarily affects social and communication skills, sometimes influencing behavior.

Emotional Disturbance

Includes various mental disorders impacting behavior and emotions.

Speech or Language Impairment

Involves difficulties with language processing and communication.

Visual Impairment including Blindness

Significantly hampers learning abilities due to vision issues.

Deafness, Hearing Impairment, and Deaf-Blindness

Refers to various degrees of hearing loss affecting communication.

Orthopedic Impairment (OI)

Impairments in the muscle or skeletal structure affecting educational performance, caused by varying conditions such as congenital anomalies and diseases.

Intellectual Disability

Characterized by below-average intellectual functioning, evaluated by IQ test scores.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Defined as an injury causing significant damage to the brain.

Multiple Disabilities

Designation for one or more disabilities as defined by IDEA.

Piaget's Theory of Development

Reversibility is key to performing abstract mental operations, indicating cognitive development.

Behaviorism in Education

Positive reinforcement is most effective in increasing desired behaviors.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Describes the discomfort experienced from conflicting desires, motivating resolution.

Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities

Requires deficits in both intellectual functioning and adaptive skills, not solely IQ scores.

Autism Characteristics

Difficulty initiating social interactions is a prominent sign in autism.

Developmental Disabilities and Life Expectancy

Increased expectations of lifelong support coincide with rising life expectancies for people with developmental disabilities.

Disproportional Representation in Special Education

Overidentification of CLD students in special education signifies disproportional representation.

Self-Injurious Behavior in Disabilities

Often serves as a form of communication for unmet needs or distress.

Bowen's Family Systems Theory

Excessive parental anxiety can lead to heightened anxiety in children with disabilities.

Environmental Influences on Developmental Disabilities

High expectations and academic rigor positively influence achievement among students with developmental disabilities.

Down Syndrome

Resulting from an extra chromosome, it's the leading cause of intellectual disabilities in infancy.

Piaget's Moral Development

Moral realism refers to strict adherence to rules without subjective interpretation.

Intellectual Disability Prevalence

Approximately 2 to 3% of the population is classified as intellectually disabled, equating to about 7 million individuals in the U.S.

Indicators of Learning Disabilities

Discrepancies between potential and achievement are primary indicators of learning disabilities.

Rubella Symptoms

Can lead to deafness, intellectual disabilities, and cataracts, but not scoliosis.

Aggressive Behavior and Emotional Development

Behaviors such as physical aggression may indicate a need for remediation in affective behavior.

IDEA's Definition of Intellectual Disabilities

Includes significantly low functioning, adaptive behavior deficiencies, and adverse academic impacts.

Assessment Tools

WISC-IV primarily assesses IQ, while Walker-McConnell, Vineland, and SSRS evaluate adaptive skills.

Majority Level of Intellectual Disabilities

About 87% of individuals with intellectual disabilities are classified as having mild disabilities.

SMART Objectives

T in SMART stands for Time-based, ensuring objectives are time-sensitive and measurable.

Lesson Plan Components

Instructional Procedures section typically includes opening, engagement, and assessment activities.### Effective Lesson Plan Components
An effective lesson plan includes Opening, Engagement, and Closure as key instructional procedures.
Opening: Captures student interest, activates prior knowledge, and connects new content.
Engagement: Facilitates active learning through monitored student discourse and thought-provoking questions.
Closure: Summarizes main lesson points, allows student sharing of understanding, and seeks feedback.

Lesson Plans and Assessments

Lesson plans should detail both formative (ongoing) and summative (overall) assessments to measure learning.
Assessments must align with lesson objectives to ensure congruence and effectiveness.

Learning Objective Examples

A measurable objective specifies performance through assessment with a defined time frame.
Notable examples include a minimum score on assessments which helps evaluate student progress.

Access for Students with Disabilities

Speech-to-text software effectively aids hard-of-hearing students by converting spoken content into readable text.
Laws mandate that students with disabilities must have access to the general curriculum, be actively involved, and show progress.

Inclusive Learning Environment

Creating a designated "meeting spot" encourages teamwork and social skill development among all students.
Avoiding clutter and distance between desks minimizes distractions and fosters collaboration.

Behavior Management Strategies

Training nonverbal students like Janice to raise their hand encourages an appropriate method for seeking help.
Conducting a functional behavior analysis is essential for understanding disruptive behaviors and planning interventions.

Learning Networks and Supportive Environments

Combining individual, paired, and group activities helps build a strong classroom community and facilitates social interaction.
Supportive relationships enhance students' learning experiences by providing opportunities for collaboration.

Special Education and Placement

IDEA outlines a continuum of alternative placements, including instruction in regular and special schools to meet the needs of students requiring special education.
Instruction in resource rooms and itinerant staff instruction are defined as supplementary services under IDEA.

Psychometric vs. Developmental Approaches

Psychometric approaches assess ability through individual performance variations, while developmental perspectives focus on rates of intellectual growth and curriculum matching.

Instructional Strategies for Learning Disabilities

Encouraging LD students to ask specific questions helps them take academic risks during lessons.
Research supports the effectiveness of 1:1 instruction for students struggling with reading.

Transfer and Maintenance of Learning

Similarity in instructional and application settings enhances the transfer of learned skills.
Practicing fundamental skills until automatic supports higher levels of learning.

Research-Based Interventions

Models typically employ differentiated instruction for diverse student groups, ensuring equitable support across various learning needs.
Continuous progress monitoring is vital through frequent assessments to adapt interventions effectively.

Importance of Employment Training

For young adults with mild intellectual disabilities, employment training is critical for fostering independence over other areas like daily living activities or functional academics.### Adaptive Equipment for Diverse Needs
A word processor with voice output assists students with hearing impairments, communication deficits, cognitive deficits, and fine-motor skills deficits.
Touch screen computers primarily aid students with fine-motor and cognitive deficits.
Classroom amplification systems support only students with hearing impairments.
Large print or books on tape are most beneficial for students with visual impairments and cognitive deficits.

Transition Strategies for Students with Disabilities

Continued school attendance alongside work enhances job readiness for students like Sue with intellectual disabilities.
Combining school and work provides real-world experience and maintains necessary support through job coaching.
Abrupt transitions from school to work may lead to insufficient preparation and adjustment challenges for students.

Preventive Strategies in Education

School-wide behavioral supports act as a first tier in a progressively tiered intervention system aimed at preventing school problems.
Second-tier interventions target students struggling within the general framework, while intensive individualized interventions are third-tier measures.
Referrals for special education evaluation occur only after multiple intervention layers fail to yield success.

Vygotsky's Concept of Scaffolding

Scaffolding involves supportive assistance that is gradually decreased as a learner's independence grows.
This approach applies to all learners, not just those with special needs, and emphasizes responsive teaching based on student progression.

Addressing Transition Challenges in Classrooms

Establishing clear transitions between activities is crucial for students with intellectual disabilities, who may struggle with abrupt changes.
Shortening activity durations may not resolve specific transition-related behaviors if students behave well during individual tasks.
Careful scheduling of breaks is necessary; too many breaks can lead to off-task behavior instead of effective learning.

Career Development for Students with Disabilities

A student’s developmental level is the primary factor in introducing stages of career development, rather than their grade level or chronological age.
Recognizing that developmental and experiential levels may differ helps tailor interventions and skill acquisition to better fit each student's needs.

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Description

This study guide focuses on key terms and definitions related to Mild and Moderate Cross Categorical Special Education. It covers specific learning disabilities, health impairments, and autism spectrum disorder, helping to enhance understanding of these important topics in special education.