MILADY Chapter 6 Review
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MILADY Chapter 6 Review

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Questions and Answers

List the reasons a cosmetologist studies anatomy and physiology.

  1. Understanding the body will help you understand how the body will react to certain treatments. 2. You need to know what is abnormal. 3. Understanding bone and muscle structure of the human body will help you with scalp manipulations and facials.

As a cosmetologist, understanding the concept of human anatomy is primarily restricted to:

Skin, muscles, nerves, circulatory system, and bones of the head and face; neck, shoulders, arms, hands, lower legs and feet.

The study of human body structures you can see with the naked eye and how they are organized is called ______.

Anatomy

The study of structures that require a microscope to see is called ____ also known as microscopic anatomy.

<p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the study of functions and activities performed by the body's structures.

<p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basic unit of all living things, from bacteria to plants and animals, including human beings is the ____.

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cells of all living things are composed of a substance called ____. A colorless, jelly-like substance.

<p>Protoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes metabolism?

<p>Chemical process through which cells are nourished and carry out their activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells have the ability to reproduce, providing new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells called ___. This process of cell reproduction is known as ___.

<p>Daughter / Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

For cells to reproduce, conditions must be favorable which includes:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if conditions are unfavorable for cell growth and reproduction?

<p>They become impaired and die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are considered unfavorable for cell growth and reproduction?

<p>Toxins and disease/injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ is a chemical process that takes place in living organisms, whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities.

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

List and define the two stages of metabolism:

<ol> <li>Anabolism - the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones. 2) Catabolism - breaking down complex compounds and releasing stored energy.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Anabolism and catabolism are not carried out simultaneously.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function are ___. Each collection has a specific function and can be recognized by its ____ appearance.

<ol> <li>Tissue 2) Characteristic</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of tissue are there in the body?

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ tissue is a protective covering on body surfaces.

<p>Epithelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ tissue contracts and moves various parts of the body.

<p>Muscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ tissue carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

<p>Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

List examples of connective tissue.

<p>Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ is the study of anatomy, structure, and functions of the bones. What prefix is used in medical terms that means bone?

<p>Osteology / Os</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system is made of ____ bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.

<p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cranium is made up of:

<p>8 bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thorax?

<p>Chest / pulmonary trunk. Consists of sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae. Cage for heart / lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the muscular system:

<p>It is the system that covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place. Contracts and moves various parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name 3 parts of the muscle and define each part:

<p>Belly - middle part of the muscle; Insertion - part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton; Origin - the part of the muscle that does not move and is closest to the skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction is pressure applied in the muscle during massage?

<p>From insertion to origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle that draws the scalp backward is the _____

<p>Occipitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ muscle of the scalp raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.

<p>Frontalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle that forms the ring of the eye socket, closing the eye is the:

<p>Orbicularis oculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pronators?

<p>Muscles that turn the hand inward so the palm faces downward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the skull?

<ol> <li>Parietal 2. Occipital 3. Frontal 4. Temporal 5. Sphenoid</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the skull divided into?

<p>Cranium and facial skeleton, which is made up of 14 bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb?

<p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

The uppermost and largest bone in the arm is the:

<p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Another name for the wrist, a flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones, is the:

<p>Carpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner, large bone of the forearm, which is attached to the wrist and located on the side of the smaller finger, is the ____.

<p>Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ are bones of the palm of the hand and the phalanges are the bones in the fingers also called _____...

<p>Metacarpus / Digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heavy, long bone that forms the leg below the knee?

<p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

The foot is made up of ___ bones, subdivided into three categories:

<p>26 bones: 1. Tarsal 2. Metatarsal 3. Phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system that is exceptionally well organized and responsible for coordinating all of the many activities performed inside and outside of the body is the ____.

<p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.

<p>Neurology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as ______.

<p>Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the largest and most complex nerve tissue in the body, contained in the ___ and weighing a little less than ___ pounds on average.

<p>Brain / Cranium / Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

The portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column is the ____. How many pairs of spinal nerves extend from it?

<p>Spinal cord / 31</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ____ also called a nerve cell, is the primary structural unit of the nervous system and is composed of a:

<p>Neuron / cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tree-like branching of nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that receives impulses from other neurons are____; the _____ sends impulses away from the cell body to the other neurons, glands, or muscles.

<p>Dendrites / Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted are ____. Where do they have their origin?

<p>Nerves / In the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are two types of nerves: _____ which carry impulses or messages from organs to the brain, or ____ , which carry impulses from the brain to muscles.

<p>Sensory / Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The motor nerve of the face is the ____ cranial nerve.

<p>Seventh</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does information about different sensations reach the brain?

<p>Sensory receptors close to the skin surface send impulses to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The impulses that produce movement are transmitted by the ___ nerves.

<p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflex and how does it work?

<p>An automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord. And impulses sent along a motor neuron to a muscle causing a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is the largest? Give two additional names for this nerve. What is the purpose of this nerve?

<p>Fifth cranial nerve / Trifacial, trigeminal / Motor nerve of muscles that control chewing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for a cosmetologist to understand how the nervous system works?

<p>It will help you give services in a proficient manner such as a massage or shampoo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system or cardiovascular system controls steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels. It consists of the:

<p>Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the body's pump?

<p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the heart?

<ol> <li>Atrium 2. Ventricle 3. Valves</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which systems circulate the blood constantly from the time it leaves the heart until it returns?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how pulmonary and systemic circulation work.

<p>A) Deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the right atrium. B) From the right atrium it flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. C) Right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary arteries which move deoxygenated blood to the lungs where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed. D) Oxygen-rich blood goes back to the heart via pulmonary vein to the left atrium. E) Left atrium flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. F) Blood leaves the left ventricle to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The categories of blood vessels are:

<p>Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system is made up of a group of specialized glands that affect:

<p>A) Growth B) Development C) Sexual functions D) Health of the whole body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are glands?

<p>Secretory organs that remove/release certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main types of glands and their functions.

<p>Endocrine - ductless glands such as thyroid and pituitary, release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream; Exocrine - duct glands such as sweat and oil glands of the skin, produce substances that travel through small tube-like ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

<p>Secretions such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate functional activity or other secretions in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give three examples of hormones.

<ol> <li>Insulin 2. Adrenaline 3. Estrogen</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The digestive system is responsible for:

<p>Breaking down foods into nutrients and wastes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the entire food digestion process take?

<p>9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste.

<p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory system enables breathing or _____ and consists of the lungs and air passages.

<p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spongy tissue composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle are the _____

<p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are five critical functions that blood performs?

<ol> <li>Carries water, blood, and food to cells 2. Carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines 3. Helps to equalize body temperature, protecting the body from extreme heat and cold 4. Works with the immune system to protect the body from harmful toxins and bacteria 5. Seals leaks found in injured blood vessels by forming clots to prevent further blood loss.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The arteries located on either side of the neck that are the main sources of blood supply to the head, face, and neck are the:

<p>Carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Integumentary system is made of the skin and its various accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is integument?

<p>Natural covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic system is closely related to the cardiovascular system and consists of the lymphatic and other structures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of the lymph is to:

<p>Clear fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the primary functions of the lymphatic immune system.

<p>A) Carries away impurities from the cells B) Protects bodies from disease C) Develops immunities D) Destroys disease-causing microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology in Cosmetology

  • Knowledge of anatomy and physiology is crucial for understanding how the body reacts to treatments.
  • Identification of abnormal conditions is essential for safe practice.
  • Familiarity with bone and muscle structure enhances skills in skin manipulations and facials.

Human Anatomy Focus

  • Study areas primarily include the skin, muscles, nerves, circulatory system, and bones of the head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, legs, and feet.

Definitions of Key Terms

  • Anatomy: Study of visible body structures and organization.
  • Histology: Study of microscopic structures in living tissues.
  • Physiology: Study of how body structures function.

Cellular Composition

  • Cells are the basic unit of life, composed of protoplasm—a jelly-like substance.
  • Metabolic processes include anabolism (building molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules for energy).

Tissue Types

  • There are four primary types of tissue: epithelial, muscular, nerve, and connective.
  • Epithelial tissue: Protective covering of body surfaces.
  • Muscular tissue: Facilitates movement in the body.
  • Nerve tissue: Transmits messages to and from the brain.
  • Connective tissue: Includes bone, cartilage, and blood.

Skeletal System

  • Composed of 206 bones, varying in size and shape.
  • The cranium consists of 8 bones protecting the brain.
  • Understanding bone structure is important for cosmetology practices involving the skeletal system.

Muscular System

  • Muscles contract to shape and hold the skeleton in place.
  • The belly is the central part of the muscle; insertion is the movable end; origin is the fixed end.
  • Massage pressure is applied from insertion towards origin.

The Nervous System

  • Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; it controls bodily functions.
  • The brain is the largest nerve tissue and weighs around three pounds.
  • Involves sensory (impulse to the brain) and motor nerves (impulse from the brain).

Circulatory System

  • Also known as the cardiovascular system; consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • The heart acts as the pump for circulation.
  • Two main circulatory paths: pulmonary (heart to lungs) and systemic (heart to body).

Endocrine System

  • Composed of glands influencing growth, development, and health.
  • Glands can be endocrine (ductless, releasing hormones into the bloodstream) or exocrine (having ducts, like sweat glands).

Digestive and Respiratory Systems

  • The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients and waste, a process taking about nine hours.
  • The respiratory system, involving the lungs, enables breathing (respiration) and gas exchange.

Lymphatic System

  • Closely related to the cardiovascular system; involved in immunity and clearing cell impurities.
  • Primary functions include disease protection and development of immunity.

Blood Functions

  • Blood carries water, nutrients, and waste, helps regulate body temperature, supports the immune system, and forms clots to prevent blood loss.

Basic Requirements for Cell Growth

  • Vital conditions for cell reproduction include the availability of food, oxygen, water, and the ability to eliminate waste.
  • Adverse conditions include exposure to toxins, diseases, or injuries can lead to cell impairment and death.

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Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of anatomy and physiology as they relate to cosmetology. This quiz covers key reasons for studying these subjects and their impact on beauty treatments. Perfect for those preparing for the cosmetology field.

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