Migration and Urban Structure Models

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Who created the Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition?

Wilbur Zelinsky

What does the Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition explain?

Shows the relationship between how migration is present in different stages or levels.

How or when is the Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition used?

This model is used when determining migration patterns of a country, using data on the development of the country or its domestic societies to determine the countries migration.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition?

Strengths: Based on the economic growth or how developed a society is, each stage describes the patterns of the people. Weaknesses: Fails to acknowledge push and pull factors which are unrelated to the economy; does not include the fifth stage. Signup and view all the answers

Who created Ravenstein's Laws of Migration?

Ernst Georg Ravenstein Signup and view all the answers

What does Ravenstein's Laws of Migration explain?

This model is supposed to explain the common characteristics of migration and migrants. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is Ravenstein's Laws of Migration used?

It is used when analyzing the push/pull factors of migration, and the common characteristics of migrants. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Ravenstein's Laws of Migration?

Strengths: This model can be useful when estimating the migration pattern and population of future migrants. Weakness: Some of these laws can be opposed based on certain factors. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Gravity Model?

Geographers: based off of Newton's Laws Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gravity Model explain?

This model is supposed to explain the distribution and size of entities while providing useful explanations of interactions among networks. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Gravity Model used?

The gravity model is used to determine the amount of interactions between places that differ in size and distribution. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Gravity Model?

Strength: This can be used to calculate the relationship between how the size and distance of 2 places increase or decrease their interactions. Weakness: The weakness is that it doesn't show physical features that could restrict the interaction between places. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Central Place Theory?

Walter Christaller Signup and view all the answers

What does the Central Place Theory explain?

Explains the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements in an area. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Central Place Theory used?

It is used in cities to describe how the layout of an area should be or how it is. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Central Place Theory?

Strengths: It is practical and can explain spatial characteristics of an urban area. Weaknesses: It doesn't apply to industrial areas. Signup and view all the answers

Who created Lee's Model of Migration?

Everett Lee Signup and view all the answers

What does Lee's Model of Migration explain?

Strengths: It is practical and can explain spatial characteristics of an urban area. Weaknesses: It doesn't apply to industrial areas. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is Lee's Model of Migration used?

This model is used when trying to show possible migration between the origin to the destination with positive or negative pull or push factors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Lee's Model of Migration?

Strengths: Shows how people migrate depending on how negative or positive the push or pull factor is. Weaknesses: How people have different perceptions on the push or pull factor. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Heartland Theory?

Halford Mackinder Signup and view all the answers

What does the Heartland Theory explain?

This model is supposed to explain what region of the world will one receive success politically and economically. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Heartland Theory used?

This theory is used for describing what region of the world would allow one to dominate the world by conquering. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Heartland Theory?

Strengths: If it's accepted then could lead a nation to gain a lot of power. Weaknesses: During the time this theory was hypothesized the region did not have much arable land. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Rimland Theory?

Nicholas Spykman Signup and view all the answers

What does the Rimland Theory explain?

Rimland or inner crescent contains most of the world's people as well as a large share of the world's resources. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Rimland Theory used?

The Rimland theory created in 1942 can be used to explain which areas would be the best to conquest or rule to be the most politically dominant in the world. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Rimland Theory?

Strengths: It could provide a possible explanation to where the world's most politically dominant region could be. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Sector Model?

Homer Hoyt Signup and view all the answers

What does the Sector Model explain?

The city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Sector Model used?

Proposed in 1932 and used throughout the 20th century, takes in consideration of the class and the transportation systems. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Sector Model?

Strengths: Provides framework for understanding how the distribution of social and economic groups provides the outward growth of progression. Weaknesses: Reflects a perception about the US cities but in reality can't explain why different types of people live in a specific part of a city. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Multiple-Nuclei Model?

C.D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman Signup and view all the answers

What does the Multiple-Nuclei Model explain?

The model is supposed to explain the structure of cities taking into account the complexity and growth over time. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Multiple-Nuclei Model used?

This is used to give a more realistic and accurate explanation of cities and how businesses can place themselves in order to make the largest amount of profit. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Multiple-Nuclei Model?

The strength is that it has the ability to well explain the structure of large cities and why things are where they are. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Demographic Transition Model?

Warren Thompson Signup and view all the answers

What does the Demographic Transition Model explain?

Describes population change over time. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Demographic Transition Model used?

This model shows the population trends (births and deaths) of a country and is used to categorize the economic state/maturity of a country. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Demographic Transition Model?

Strengths: Useful for comparison between countries and for assessing development. Weaknesses: Assumes that all countries will develop and at the same speed. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Epidemiologic Transition Model?

Abel Omran Signup and view all the answers

What does the Epidemiologic Transition Model explain?

Accounts for the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Epidemiological Transition Model used?

This model is used to show distinctive cases of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Epidemiological Transition Model?

Strengths: It describes the correlation between rates of death and birth. Weaknesses: Disease transitions are not necessarily linear. Signup and view all the answers

Who created Rostow's Modernization Model?

Walt Whitman Rostow Signup and view all the answers

What does Rostow's Modernization Model explain?

The model is supposed to explain how economic take-off has to go through certain economic stages. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is Rostow's Modernization Model used?

This is used to show economic development in other countries and what stage they are in. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Rostow's Modernization Model?

Strengths: Countries have something to compare their economy with and it shows the economic development. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the Latin American City Model?

Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford Signup and view all the answers

What does the Latin American City Model explain?

The model is supposed to explain how in Latin America, the city was based around a central business district and surrounded by 3 neighborhood/concentric zones. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the Latin American City Model used?

This is used to model Latin American cities; they usually all follow the same layout. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Latin American City Model?

Strengths: This model works well for rapidly growing cities. Weaknesses: This model is specific to only Latin American cities. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the African City Model?

Harm De Blij Signup and view all the answers

What does the African City Model explain?

It was created to explain the cities of semi-periphery and periphery countries. Signup and view all the answers

How or when is the African City Model used?

The model is applied to the cities based on the three CBD's, traditional, market, and colonial. Signup and view all the answers

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the African City Model?

The strengths for this model is that it shows multiple CBDs, showing the varied past of many cities. Weaknesses: It's vague and that not all cities have colonial CBDs. Signup and view all the answers

Who created the rank-size rule?

George Zipf Signup and view all the answers

What does the rank-size rule explain?

The model explains how there can be an urban-size hierarchy. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Migration Transition Models

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition: Created by Wilbur Zelinsky; explains migration in relation to country's development stages.
Strengths: Connects migration patterns to economic growth; provides clear stage descriptions for various countries.
Weaknesses: Ignores non-economic push/pull factors; does not include a fifth stage.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Developed by Ernst Georg Ravenstein; outlines common migrant characteristics based on UK patterns.
Key Points: Migration flow generates counter-flow; most migrants move short distances; urban residents exhibit less migration than rural counterparts.
Strengths: Useful for estimating future migration patterns.
Weaknesses: Some laws may not hold true for all regions, leading to uneven population distributions.

Models of Urban Structure

Gravity Model: Based on Newton's Laws; explains size and distribution of entities and their interactions.
Applications: Used to determine interaction volumes between different-sized places.
Strengths: Connects size and distance with interaction levels.
Weaknesses: Does not account for physical barriers limiting interactions.
Central Place Theory: Developed by Walter Christaller; explains spatial arrangement and numbers of settlements.
Usage: Describes urban layout and organization.
Strengths: Provides practical understanding of urban spatial characteristics.
Weaknesses: Limited applicability to industrial areas.

Migration and Political Theories

Lee's Model of Migration: Created by Everett Lee; highlights migration impacts of push/pull factors.
Strengths: Illustrates migration influences of various factors.
Weaknesses: People's perceptions of push/pull factors can vary; does not quantify their significance.
Heartland Theory: Proposed by Halford Mackinder; asserts that control over Eurasia leads to global dominance.
Weaknesses: Initial conditions in the proposed region lacked arable land; context contextually outdated.
Strengths: Can guide strategic political expansions.
Rimland Theory: Developed by Nicholas Spykman; defines importance of the coastal fringes for global dominance.
Weaknesses: Does not solely guarantee economic benefits or political power.

Urban Development Models

Sector Model: Proposed by Homer Hoyt; describes urban development in sectors rather than concentric rings.
Strengths: Useful framework for social and economic group distribution.
Weaknesses: May not represent realities of diverse urban populations.
Multiple-Nuclei Model: Introduced by C.D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman; explains urban complexity with multiple growth points.
Strengths: Accurately represents the structure of larger cities.
Weaknesses: Not applicable to cities lacking multiple nuclei.

Demographic and Epidemiological Models

Demographic Transition Model: Created by Warren Thompson; describes population changes over time through distinct stages.
Strengths: Useful for comparative analysis of country development.
Weaknesses: Assumes uniform development among countries; overlooks specific policies and immigration.
Epidemiological Transition Model: Developed by Abel Omran; illustrates shifts from infectious to chronic diseases as health standards improve.
Strengths: Correlates mortality rates with population dynamics.
Weaknesses: Does not account for linear disease transitions or diverse factors like accidents.

Economic Growth Models

Rostow's Modernization Model: Created by Walt Whitman Rostow; outlines five stages of economic growth.
Strengths: Provides a comparative framework for economic development.
Weaknesses: Primarily applicable to Western contexts; ignores globalization's impact.
Latin American City Model: Developed by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford; describes urban structure based on socioeconomic classes.
Strengths: Well-organized and reflects growth patterns.
Weaknesses: Limited to Latin American contexts; reinforces class segregation.
African City Model: Introduced by Harm De Blij; explains urban structures influenced by historical contexts including colonialism.
Strengths: Acknowledges multiple CBDs reflecting diverse urban histories.
Weaknesses: Vagueness in applicability due to diversity in African cities.

Rank-Size Rule

Rank-Size Rule: Formulated by George Zipf; describes urban hierarchies based on population sizes.
Strengths: Encourages a balanced urban size system.
Weaknesses: Does not apply to megacities like New York or London.

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Description

Explore the key models of migration transition and urban structure, including Zelinsky's Model and Ravenstein's Laws. Understand the strengths and weaknesses of these theories as they relate to population movement and urban planning. Perfect for students studying geography or social sciences.