Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of a Likert Scale?
What is the primary characteristic of a Likert Scale?
- Responses are ranked relative to one another.
- Responses don’t stand in any fixed relationship.
- Items are rated on a scale with equal intervals. (correct)
- It measures frequencies of responses only.
In what way does a Forced Ranking Scale differ from a traditional ordinal scale?
In what way does a Forced Ranking Scale differ from a traditional ordinal scale?
- It allows for equal interval judgments between items.
- It provides a checklist format for responses.
- It ranks items relative to one another rather than simply categorizing them. (correct)
- It produces nominal values instead of ordinal values.
Which scaling technique is primarily used to assess the image of brands or candidates?
Which scaling technique is primarily used to assess the image of brands or candidates?
- Comparative Scale
- Paired Comparison Scale
- Semantic Differential Scale (correct)
- Adjective Checklist
What defines an ordinal scale in the context of survey responses?
What defines an ordinal scale in the context of survey responses?
Which scale is best described as being used to judge a single dimension with labeled extremes?
Which scale is best described as being used to judge a single dimension with labeled extremes?
What is the first stage in the Five Stages of Test Development?
What is the first stage in the Five Stages of Test Development?
What preliminary question is crucial in test conceptualization?
What preliminary question is crucial in test conceptualization?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of item development in norm-referenced tests?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of item development in norm-referenced tests?
What is scaling in the context of test development?
What is scaling in the context of test development?
What does the Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) represent?
What does the Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) represent?
Which scale is commonly used to measure attitudes or emotions through a continuum?
Which scale is commonly used to measure attitudes or emotions through a continuum?
What must test developers consider regarding guessing?
What must test developers consider regarding guessing?
What is the significance of conducting pilot studies for test items?
What is the significance of conducting pilot studies for test items?
In criterion-referenced tests, item development primarily assesses what?
In criterion-referenced tests, item development primarily assesses what?
What is the purpose of qualitative item analysis?
What is the purpose of qualitative item analysis?
How can bias in a test item be defined?
How can bias in a test item be defined?
What did L.L. Thorndike contribute to the field of test development?
What did L.L. Thorndike contribute to the field of test development?
What does item fairness refer to in testing?
What does item fairness refer to in testing?
What might lead to misleading results in speed tests?
What might lead to misleading results in speed tests?
What happens during the test revision process?
What happens during the test revision process?
What is a key consideration during sensitivity reviews of test items?
What is a key consideration during sensitivity reviews of test items?
What characterizes unidimensional rating scales?
What characterizes unidimensional rating scales?
What is the primary purpose of the method of paired comparisons?
What is the primary purpose of the method of paired comparisons?
How does a Guttman scale function?
How does a Guttman scale function?
Which of the following best describes the item pool?
Which of the following best describes the item pool?
What distinguishes selected-response formats from constructed-response formats?
What distinguishes selected-response formats from constructed-response formats?
What role does comprehensive sampling play in test development?
What role does comprehensive sampling play in test development?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of comparative scaling?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of comparative scaling?
What is an item bank in the context of test administration?
What is an item bank in the context of test administration?
Which of the following reasons could lead to the revision of an existing test?
Which of the following reasons could lead to the revision of an existing test?
What is the main purpose of cross-validation in testing?
What is the main purpose of cross-validation in testing?
What does the term 'scoring drift' refer to?
What does the term 'scoring drift' refer to?
Which application of Item Response Theory (IRT) involves ensuring that a test is equivalent across different populations?
Which application of Item Response Theory (IRT) involves ensuring that a test is equivalent across different populations?
What is an anchor protocol used for in quality assurance?
What is an anchor protocol used for in quality assurance?
How are non-cognitive constructs primarily defined?
How are non-cognitive constructs primarily defined?
What aspect does item-characteristic curves (ICC) relate to in testing?
What aspect does item-characteristic curves (ICC) relate to in testing?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for revising an existing test?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for revising an existing test?
Study Notes
Test Development Overview
- Five stages of test development: Test conceptualization, Test construction, Test tryout, Analysis, Revision (with feedback loop to Test tryout).
- Test development encompasses the entire process of creating and refining a test.
Test Conceptualization
- New tests are often initiated by identifying a gap, such as psychometric issues or new societal needs.
- Preliminary questions guide the process: intended measurement, objectives, need, user identification, test-taker demographic, and content coverage.
Item Development
- Norm-referenced tests: items are designed so that high scorers answer correctly while low scorers do not.
- Criterion-referenced tests assess whether respondents meet specific criteria, often tested with two distinct groups: masters vs. non-masters.
- Pilot testing of items can inform final inclusion.
Test Construction
- Scaling methods determine how to assign numerical values to responses across different test types.
- Scales can be multidimensional or unidimensional, reflecting complex traits or simpler measures.
- L.L. Thorndike contributed significantly to the development of sound scaling methods.
Types of Scales
- Rating Scales: Assess levels of agreement or strength of emotion (Likert scale is common).
- Paired Comparisons: Test-takers choose their preferred option between two alternatives.
- Comparative Scaling: Evaluates stimuli against each other.
- Categorical Scaling: Classifies stimuli into categories.
- Guttman Scale: Measures attitudes/behaviors with a hierarchy of severity.
Writing Items
- An item pool serves as a reservoir for test formulations, contributing to content validity.
- Item formats vary:
- Selected-response (e.g., multiple-choice, true-false)
- Constructed-response (open-ended answers).
- Multiple-choice items consist of a stem, correct option, and distractors.
Item Analysis
- Item Characteristic Curves (ICC) visualize item difficulty and effectiveness.
- Guessing can complicate analysis; developers must address the potential for biased items.
- Test item fairness ensures no group is unfairly favored.
Qualitative Item Analysis
- Techniques focusing on verbal data, e.g., think-aloud protocols while testing.
- Expert panels may evaluate items for quality and sensitivity.
Test Revision
- Revision follows a similar process as development: evaluation, replacement of poor items, and retesting under standardized conditions.
- Reasons for revising a test include outdated content, norm changes, or improvements in psychometric properties.
Cross-Validation and Co-Validation
- Cross-validation: tests are re-evaluated on different samples, observing possible validity shrinkage.
- Co-validation: simultaneous validation of two tests on the same sample for efficiency.
Quality Assurance
- Test developers utilize experienced examiners and follow standardized procedures for consistency.
- Anchor protocols guide scoring and identify discrepancies (scoring drift).
Item Response Theory (IRT)
- Evaluates items based on their performance relative to test-taker ability, with applications in test revision and development.
Understanding Non-Cognitive Constructs
- Human behavior involves affective characteristics like attitudes, values, and dispositions, measured through various scales, including Likert and ordinal scales.
Conventional Scale Types
- Likert Scale: Assesses strength of agreement.
- Ordinal Scale: Multiple-choice items without fixed relationships.
- Forced Ranking Scale: Ranks items to obtain preferences.
- Paired Comparison Scale: Choices between stimuli compare preferences.
- Semantic Differential Scale: Measures perceptions of subjects through bipolar adjectives.
- Adjective Checklist: Provides a list for respondents to check characteristics or traits.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on the five stages of test development in psychology. It covers key concepts from test conceptualization to revision, providing a comprehensive overview of the test creation process. Perfect for students preparing for midterm exams in psychology.
