Midterms Psychology Test Development Review

Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of a Likert Scale?

Responses are ranked relative to one another.

Responses don’t stand in any fixed relationship.

Items are rated on a scale with equal intervals. (correct)

It measures frequencies of responses only.

In what way does a Forced Ranking Scale differ from a traditional ordinal scale?

It allows for equal interval judgments between items.

It provides a checklist format for responses.

It ranks items relative to one another rather than simply categorizing them. (correct)

It produces nominal values instead of ordinal values.

Which scaling technique is primarily used to assess the image of brands or candidates?

Comparative Scale

Paired Comparison Scale

Semantic Differential Scale (correct)

Adjective Checklist

What defines an ordinal scale in the context of survey responses?

The options have a clear sequence but do not have fixed relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is best described as being used to judge a single dimension with labeled extremes?

Linear, Numeric Scale Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in the Five Stages of Test Development?

Test conceptualization Signup and view all the answers

What preliminary question is crucial in test conceptualization?

Who will use this test? Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of item development in norm-referenced tests?

To ensure high scorers answer correctly and low scorers incorrectly. Signup and view all the answers

What is scaling in the context of test development?

The process of assigning numbers to responses in measurement. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) represent?

A graphic representation of item difficulty and discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is commonly used to measure attitudes or emotions through a continuum?

Likert scale Signup and view all the answers

What must test developers consider regarding guessing?

Whether to correct for guessing, despite lack of a satisfactory solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of conducting pilot studies for test items?

To evaluate whether items should be included in the final test. Signup and view all the answers

In criterion-referenced tests, item development primarily assesses what?

The degree to which respondents have met specific criteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of qualitative item analysis?

To explore how individual test items function through nonstatistical methods. Signup and view all the answers

How can bias in a test item be defined?

An item that favors one group of examinees when ability differences are controlled. Signup and view all the answers

What did L.L. Thorndike contribute to the field of test development?

He established methods of sound scaling. Signup and view all the answers

What does item fairness refer to in testing?

The degree to which items are fair to all groups of test takers. Signup and view all the answers

What might lead to misleading results in speed tests?

The positioning of items towards the end of the test. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the test revision process?

Items are evaluated for strengths and weaknesses, with some being eliminated. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration during sensitivity reviews of test items?

Ensuring the absence of offensive language or stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes unidimensional rating scales?

They presume only one dimension underlies the ratings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the method of paired comparisons?

To select between two alternatives based on majority judgment. Signup and view all the answers

How does a Guttman scale function?

Respondents agreeing with stronger statements also agree with milder ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the item pool?

The repository from which items are drawn for a test. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes selected-response formats from constructed-response formats?

Selected-response formats involve choosing from given options. Signup and view all the answers

What role does comprehensive sampling play in test development?

It helps ensure content validity for the final test version. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of comparative scaling?

It evaluates stimuli in relation to every other stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is an item bank in the context of test administration?

An extensive repository of accessible test questions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reasons could lead to the revision of an existing test?

The norms no longer represent the population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cross-validation in testing?

To revalidate a test on a different sample of test-takers. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'scoring drift' refer to?

A discrepancy between scoring methods across tests. Signup and view all the answers

Which application of Item Response Theory (IRT) involves ensuring that a test is equivalent across different populations?

Evaluating measurement equivalence. Signup and view all the answers

What is an anchor protocol used for in quality assurance?

To serve as a standard for scoring and resolving discrepancies. Signup and view all the answers

How are non-cognitive constructs primarily defined?

As dimensions of human behavior including thoughts, feelings, and actions. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does item-characteristic curves (ICC) relate to in testing?

The relationship between item performance and underlying ability. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for revising an existing test?

Changes in test-taker demographics. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Test Development Overview

Five stages of test development: Test conceptualization, Test construction, Test tryout, Analysis, Revision (with feedback loop to Test tryout).
Test development encompasses the entire process of creating and refining a test.

Test Conceptualization

New tests are often initiated by identifying a gap, such as psychometric issues or new societal needs.
Preliminary questions guide the process: intended measurement, objectives, need, user identification, test-taker demographic, and content coverage.

Item Development

Norm-referenced tests: items are designed so that high scorers answer correctly while low scorers do not.
Criterion-referenced tests assess whether respondents meet specific criteria, often tested with two distinct groups: masters vs. non-masters.
Pilot testing of items can inform final inclusion.

Test Construction

Scaling methods determine how to assign numerical values to responses across different test types.
Scales can be multidimensional or unidimensional, reflecting complex traits or simpler measures.
L.L. Thorndike contributed significantly to the development of sound scaling methods.

Types of Scales

Rating Scales: Assess levels of agreement or strength of emotion (Likert scale is common).
Paired Comparisons: Test-takers choose their preferred option between two alternatives.
Comparative Scaling: Evaluates stimuli against each other.
Categorical Scaling: Classifies stimuli into categories.
Guttman Scale: Measures attitudes/behaviors with a hierarchy of severity.

Writing Items

An item pool serves as a reservoir for test formulations, contributing to content validity.
Item formats vary:
- Selected-response (e.g., multiple-choice, true-false)
- Constructed-response (open-ended answers).
Multiple-choice items consist of a stem, correct option, and distractors.

Item Analysis

Item Characteristic Curves (ICC) visualize item difficulty and effectiveness.
Guessing can complicate analysis; developers must address the potential for biased items.
Test item fairness ensures no group is unfairly favored.

Qualitative Item Analysis

Techniques focusing on verbal data, e.g., think-aloud protocols while testing.
Expert panels may evaluate items for quality and sensitivity.

Test Revision

Revision follows a similar process as development: evaluation, replacement of poor items, and retesting under standardized conditions.
Reasons for revising a test include outdated content, norm changes, or improvements in psychometric properties.

Cross-Validation and Co-Validation

Cross-validation: tests are re-evaluated on different samples, observing possible validity shrinkage.
Co-validation: simultaneous validation of two tests on the same sample for efficiency.

Quality Assurance

Test developers utilize experienced examiners and follow standardized procedures for consistency.
Anchor protocols guide scoring and identify discrepancies (scoring drift).

Item Response Theory (IRT)

Evaluates items based on their performance relative to test-taker ability, with applications in test revision and development.

Understanding Non-Cognitive Constructs

Human behavior involves affective characteristics like attitudes, values, and dispositions, measured through various scales, including Likert and ordinal scales.

Conventional Scale Types

Likert Scale: Assesses strength of agreement.
Ordinal Scale: Multiple-choice items without fixed relationships.
Forced Ranking Scale: Ranks items to obtain preferences.
Paired Comparison Scale: Choices between stimuli compare preferences.
Semantic Differential Scale: Measures perceptions of subjects through bipolar adjectives.
Adjective Checklist: Provides a list for respondents to check characteristics or traits.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the five stages of test development in psychology. It covers key concepts from test conceptualization to revision, providing a comprehensive overview of the test creation process. Perfect for students preparing for midterm exams in psychology.