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Questions and Answers
What is the process called in which offspring arise from a single parent and have only that parent's genes?
What is the term for the relatively stable set of internal conditions maintained by organisms?
In an experiment testing a new diabetes medication, which group is receiving the actual medication?
What are the building blocks, or monomers, that make up proteins?
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Which type of macromolecule is responsible for storing genetic information?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the types of chemical bonds?
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Which type of bond holds two or more water molecules together?
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What do the four main types of macromolecules consist of?
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What is the significance of the greenhouse effect?
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What macromolecule category includes molecules that do not dissolve in water?
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Which statement differentiates between biotic and abiotic factors?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of macromolecules?
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Which gas is a major contributor to global warming?
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Which process do plants use to convert sunlight into energy?
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Which process best describes how water is cycled in the environment?
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What is the main function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
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What element is primarily cycled through the nitrogen cycle?
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Which level of ecological organization includes both living and non-living components?
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Which classification represents the main primary producers in ecosystems?
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Which type of ecosystem is characterized by high temperatures and high humidity?
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What best describes an invasive species?
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What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the ecosystem?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of enzymes?
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How are nutrients cycled differently in aquatic ecosystems compared to terrestrial ecosystems?
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What is a defining characteristic of estuaries in freshwater ecosystems?
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What distinguishes a solution from a suspension in terms of composition?
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Which element is essential in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules?
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What effect does an increase in the greenhouse gases have on climate change?
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Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms?
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What is an example of a primary producer in a marine ecosystem?
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What leads to limited nutrient availability in ecosystems?
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What type of symbiotic relationship exists between termites and the microbes in their gut?
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Which gas is primarily responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect?
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Which of the following best describes a biome?
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What is the main function of autotrophs in an ecosystem?
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Which organisms are primarily responsible for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem?
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What term describes the layer of gases surrounding Earth?
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Which type of ecosystem is characterized by low precipitation and high temperatures?
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Which type of bond is crucial for the attraction between water molecules?
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Which type of macro molecule is primarily involved in the genetic information storage?
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What process do plants use to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Foundations of Science
- Familiarize with all scientific vocabulary related to the study topics.
- Understand the concept of "Science in Context" focusing on the general ideas and implications.
- Recognize the importance of community analysis and feedback in scientific studies.
- Grasp the purpose and process of peer review, including its benefits and outcomes.
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Know how to calculate the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in elements.
- Distinguish isotopes and their significance within elements.
- Understand what compounds are and how atoms bond to form them.
- Identify types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent) and how they involve electron transfer or sharing.
- Review the unique properties of water, including its role in biological systems.
- Differentiate between solutions and suspensions in terms of particle distribution.
- Identify the four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including their monomer and polymer structures.
- Understand reactants and products in chemical reactions.
- Interpret activation energy graphs, noting differences with and without enzyme presence.
- Recognize the importance of enzymes, including how they operate in the biochemical cycle.
Chapter 3: Ecology and the Environment
- Learn the various levels of ecological organization: individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biospheres.
- Differentiate between abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors and their interaction.
- Understand the difference between climate (long-term conditions) and weather (short-term conditions).
- Explain the greenhouse effect and its impact on Earth's climate.
- Recognize why different regions receive unequal solar energy.
- Understand climate change and its contributing factors such as fossil fuel emissions.
- Identify various biomes, their characteristics, and distinct features.
- Describe marine ecosystems, including different ocean zones.
- Explain three types of freshwater ecosystems: lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
- Define estuaries as transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Chapter 4: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- Master all vocabulary and review questions provided in the chapter.
- Identify primary producers (autotrophs) and their role in energy capture via photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
- Differentiate consumers (heterotrophs) into categories: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers.
- Understand the interaction between energy flow in ecosystems and the roles of decomposers and detritivores.
- Comprehend ecological pyramids, including trophic levels and the flow of energy.
- Review biogeochemical cycles: the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle, paying attention to key processes and ecological significance.
- Recognize nitrogen's relationship with ammonia and conditions of nutrient limitation.
Chapter 6: Biological Classification and Ecosystem Structure
- Understand food chains and food webs and their ecological roles.
- Define key biology vocabulary and concepts related to reproduction terminology.
- Clarify scientific methodology steps and their order, emphasizing hypothesis development, experimentation, and analysis.
- Study of chemistry begins at the molecular level with atoms, the basic unit of matter.
- Identify subatomic particles that contribute mass to the nucleus: protons and neutrons as key players.
- Reinforce understanding of properties of substances, differentiating various types of chemical bonds: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
Practice Questions: Important Concepts
- Recognize that macromolecules, like proteins, consist of amino acids as building blocks (monomers).
- Distill key concepts about ecosystem health, including roles of decomposers and symbiotic relationships.
- Be prepared to define renewable resources and environmental contributors such as greenhouse gases.
- Recall fundamental ecological concepts including biome descriptions, energy roles in ecosystems, and primary producers’ functions in different environments.
Additional Concepts
- Identify the main functions of microorganisms in ecosystems.
- Review the significance of carbon, nitrogen, and other key cycles for sustaining life on Earth.
- Understand the implications of human activities on ecosystems and climates, including contributions to global warming and invasive species dynamics.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Concepts
- Importance of vocab in understanding scientific principles.
- Science in context emphasizes the connection between science and societal issues.
- Community analysis and feedback involve evaluating scientific methods and findings.
- Peer review ensures research credibility and accuracy.
- Benefits and outcomes highlight the practical applications of scientific research.
Chapter 2: Atoms and Compounds
- Understand atomic structure: protons, electrons, and neutrons determine element identity.
- Isotopes differ in neutron counts, leading to variations in atomic mass.
- Compounds are formed when elements bond chemically.
- Chemical bonds include ionic (transfer of electrons) and covalent (sharing of electrons).
- Properties of water: cohesive, adhesive, solvent abilities, and critical for life.
- Solutions (homogeneous mixtures) vs. suspensions (heterogeneous mixtures).
- Four macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; each has distinct functions.
- Monomers are the building blocks; polymers are formed through linkage.
- Activation energy graph analysis differentiates enzyme presence effects.
- Enzymes lower activation energy and facilitate biochemical reactions.
Chapter 3: Ecological Systems
- Levels of ecological organization: organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
- Abiotic factors (non-living) and biotic factors (living) interact in ecosystems.
- Climate refers to long-term patterns; weather is short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Greenhouse effect caused by gases trapping heat in the atmosphere.
- Unequal solar energy distribution impacts climate differences.
- Climate change involves global temperature rise, altering weather patterns.
- Biomes vary in temperature, precipitation, and dominant organisms (e.g., tundra, rainforest).
- Marine ecosystems include zones: intertidal, neritic, oceanic; differentiate freshwater ecosystems (lakes, rivers, wetlands).
- Estuaries are coastal areas where freshwater meets saltwater, rich in biodiversity.
Chapter 4: Energy Flow and Ecological Interactions
- Primary producers (autotrophs) convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
- Consumers (heterotrophs) categorized by what they eat: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and food webs, highlighting trophic levels.
- Decomposers (fungi, bacteria) recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
- Ecological pyramids represent biomass, energy, and numbers among trophic levels.
- Biogeochemical cycles include the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle; crucial for ecosystem balance.
- Carbon is essential for life, cycling through living organisms, atmosphere, and geologic formations.
- Nutrient limitation occurs when essential nutrients are scarce, impacting growth.
- Algal blooms result from nutrient overload in aquatic systems.
Chapter 6: Biological Principles and Methodology
- Asexual reproduction involves offspring from a single parent; sexual reproduction involves genetic contributions from two parents.
- Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions within organisms.
- Experimental groups (Group A) receive the treatment; control groups (Group B) do not.
- Scientific methodology follows hypothesis development, planning, experimentation, and analysis.
Practice Questions
- Chemistry foundation starts with atoms.
- Subatomic particles: protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus; electrons orbit around.
- Hydrogen bonds link water molecules, creating unique properties.
- Main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Decomposers, such as fungi, recycle nutrients essential for ecosystem health.
- Greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) trap heat in the atmosphere, affecting climate.
- Solar energy is the primary energy source driving Earth's climate system.
- Plants utilize photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy.
- Invasive species disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native species.
Key Concepts
- Understand the flow of energy and matter in ecosystems.
- Recognize the importance of nutrient cycling for sustainability.
- Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and their roles in ecological health.
- Analyze the implications of human activity on climate and ecosystems.
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Description
Prepare for your Fall 2024 Midterm by reviewing key concepts from Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of Science 1113. This guide covers vocabulary, community analysis, peer review, isotopes, chemical bonds, and the properties of water. Master these foundational ideas to excel in your studies and assessments.
