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Questions and Answers
What is the process called in which offspring arise from a single parent and have only that parent's genes?
What is the process called in which offspring arise from a single parent and have only that parent's genes?
What is the term for the relatively stable set of internal conditions maintained by organisms?
What is the term for the relatively stable set of internal conditions maintained by organisms?
In an experiment testing a new diabetes medication, which group is receiving the actual medication?
In an experiment testing a new diabetes medication, which group is receiving the actual medication?
What are the building blocks, or monomers, that make up proteins?
What are the building blocks, or monomers, that make up proteins?
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Which type of macromolecule is responsible for storing genetic information?
Which type of macromolecule is responsible for storing genetic information?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the types of chemical bonds?
Which of the following correctly identifies the types of chemical bonds?
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Which type of bond holds two or more water molecules together?
Which type of bond holds two or more water molecules together?
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What do the four main types of macromolecules consist of?
What do the four main types of macromolecules consist of?
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What is the significance of the greenhouse effect?
What is the significance of the greenhouse effect?
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What macromolecule category includes molecules that do not dissolve in water?
What macromolecule category includes molecules that do not dissolve in water?
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Which statement differentiates between biotic and abiotic factors?
Which statement differentiates between biotic and abiotic factors?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of macromolecules?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of macromolecules?
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Which gas is a major contributor to global warming?
Which gas is a major contributor to global warming?
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Which process do plants use to convert sunlight into energy?
Which process do plants use to convert sunlight into energy?
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Which process best describes how water is cycled in the environment?
Which process best describes how water is cycled in the environment?
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What is the main function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
What is the main function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
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What element is primarily cycled through the nitrogen cycle?
What element is primarily cycled through the nitrogen cycle?
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Which level of ecological organization includes both living and non-living components?
Which level of ecological organization includes both living and non-living components?
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Which classification represents the main primary producers in ecosystems?
Which classification represents the main primary producers in ecosystems?
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Which type of ecosystem is characterized by high temperatures and high humidity?
Which type of ecosystem is characterized by high temperatures and high humidity?
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What best describes an invasive species?
What best describes an invasive species?
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What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the ecosystem?
What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the ecosystem?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of enzymes?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of enzymes?
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How are nutrients cycled differently in aquatic ecosystems compared to terrestrial ecosystems?
How are nutrients cycled differently in aquatic ecosystems compared to terrestrial ecosystems?
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What is a defining characteristic of estuaries in freshwater ecosystems?
What is a defining characteristic of estuaries in freshwater ecosystems?
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What distinguishes a solution from a suspension in terms of composition?
What distinguishes a solution from a suspension in terms of composition?
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Which element is essential in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules?
Which element is essential in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules?
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What effect does an increase in the greenhouse gases have on climate change?
What effect does an increase in the greenhouse gases have on climate change?
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Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms?
Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms?
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What is an example of a primary producer in a marine ecosystem?
What is an example of a primary producer in a marine ecosystem?
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What leads to limited nutrient availability in ecosystems?
What leads to limited nutrient availability in ecosystems?
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What type of symbiotic relationship exists between termites and the microbes in their gut?
What type of symbiotic relationship exists between termites and the microbes in their gut?
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Which gas is primarily responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect?
Which gas is primarily responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect?
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Which of the following best describes a biome?
Which of the following best describes a biome?
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What is the main function of autotrophs in an ecosystem?
What is the main function of autotrophs in an ecosystem?
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Which organisms are primarily responsible for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem?
Which organisms are primarily responsible for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem?
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What term describes the layer of gases surrounding Earth?
What term describes the layer of gases surrounding Earth?
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Which type of ecosystem is characterized by low precipitation and high temperatures?
Which type of ecosystem is characterized by low precipitation and high temperatures?
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Which type of bond is crucial for the attraction between water molecules?
Which type of bond is crucial for the attraction between water molecules?
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Which type of macro molecule is primarily involved in the genetic information storage?
Which type of macro molecule is primarily involved in the genetic information storage?
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What process do plants use to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
What process do plants use to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Foundations of Science
- Familiarize with all scientific vocabulary related to the study topics.
- Understand the concept of "Science in Context" focusing on the general ideas and implications.
- Recognize the importance of community analysis and feedback in scientific studies.
- Grasp the purpose and process of peer review, including its benefits and outcomes.
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Know how to calculate the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in elements.
- Distinguish isotopes and their significance within elements.
- Understand what compounds are and how atoms bond to form them.
- Identify types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent) and how they involve electron transfer or sharing.
- Review the unique properties of water, including its role in biological systems.
- Differentiate between solutions and suspensions in terms of particle distribution.
- Identify the four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including their monomer and polymer structures.
- Understand reactants and products in chemical reactions.
- Interpret activation energy graphs, noting differences with and without enzyme presence.
- Recognize the importance of enzymes, including how they operate in the biochemical cycle.
Chapter 3: Ecology and the Environment
- Learn the various levels of ecological organization: individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biospheres.
- Differentiate between abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors and their interaction.
- Understand the difference between climate (long-term conditions) and weather (short-term conditions).
- Explain the greenhouse effect and its impact on Earth's climate.
- Recognize why different regions receive unequal solar energy.
- Understand climate change and its contributing factors such as fossil fuel emissions.
- Identify various biomes, their characteristics, and distinct features.
- Describe marine ecosystems, including different ocean zones.
- Explain three types of freshwater ecosystems: lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
- Define estuaries as transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Chapter 4: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- Master all vocabulary and review questions provided in the chapter.
- Identify primary producers (autotrophs) and their role in energy capture via photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
- Differentiate consumers (heterotrophs) into categories: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers.
- Understand the interaction between energy flow in ecosystems and the roles of decomposers and detritivores.
- Comprehend ecological pyramids, including trophic levels and the flow of energy.
- Review biogeochemical cycles: the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle, paying attention to key processes and ecological significance.
- Recognize nitrogen's relationship with ammonia and conditions of nutrient limitation.
Chapter 6: Biological Classification and Ecosystem Structure
- Understand food chains and food webs and their ecological roles.
- Define key biology vocabulary and concepts related to reproduction terminology.
- Clarify scientific methodology steps and their order, emphasizing hypothesis development, experimentation, and analysis.
- Study of chemistry begins at the molecular level with atoms, the basic unit of matter.
- Identify subatomic particles that contribute mass to the nucleus: protons and neutrons as key players.
- Reinforce understanding of properties of substances, differentiating various types of chemical bonds: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
Practice Questions: Important Concepts
- Recognize that macromolecules, like proteins, consist of amino acids as building blocks (monomers).
- Distill key concepts about ecosystem health, including roles of decomposers and symbiotic relationships.
- Be prepared to define renewable resources and environmental contributors such as greenhouse gases.
- Recall fundamental ecological concepts including biome descriptions, energy roles in ecosystems, and primary producers’ functions in different environments.
Additional Concepts
- Identify the main functions of microorganisms in ecosystems.
- Review the significance of carbon, nitrogen, and other key cycles for sustaining life on Earth.
- Understand the implications of human activities on ecosystems and climates, including contributions to global warming and invasive species dynamics.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Concepts
- Importance of vocab in understanding scientific principles.
- Science in context emphasizes the connection between science and societal issues.
- Community analysis and feedback involve evaluating scientific methods and findings.
- Peer review ensures research credibility and accuracy.
- Benefits and outcomes highlight the practical applications of scientific research.
Chapter 2: Atoms and Compounds
- Understand atomic structure: protons, electrons, and neutrons determine element identity.
- Isotopes differ in neutron counts, leading to variations in atomic mass.
- Compounds are formed when elements bond chemically.
- Chemical bonds include ionic (transfer of electrons) and covalent (sharing of electrons).
- Properties of water: cohesive, adhesive, solvent abilities, and critical for life.
- Solutions (homogeneous mixtures) vs. suspensions (heterogeneous mixtures).
- Four macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; each has distinct functions.
- Monomers are the building blocks; polymers are formed through linkage.
- Activation energy graph analysis differentiates enzyme presence effects.
- Enzymes lower activation energy and facilitate biochemical reactions.
Chapter 3: Ecological Systems
- Levels of ecological organization: organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
- Abiotic factors (non-living) and biotic factors (living) interact in ecosystems.
- Climate refers to long-term patterns; weather is short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Greenhouse effect caused by gases trapping heat in the atmosphere.
- Unequal solar energy distribution impacts climate differences.
- Climate change involves global temperature rise, altering weather patterns.
- Biomes vary in temperature, precipitation, and dominant organisms (e.g., tundra, rainforest).
- Marine ecosystems include zones: intertidal, neritic, oceanic; differentiate freshwater ecosystems (lakes, rivers, wetlands).
- Estuaries are coastal areas where freshwater meets saltwater, rich in biodiversity.
Chapter 4: Energy Flow and Ecological Interactions
- Primary producers (autotrophs) convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
- Consumers (heterotrophs) categorized by what they eat: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and food webs, highlighting trophic levels.
- Decomposers (fungi, bacteria) recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
- Ecological pyramids represent biomass, energy, and numbers among trophic levels.
- Biogeochemical cycles include the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle; crucial for ecosystem balance.
- Carbon is essential for life, cycling through living organisms, atmosphere, and geologic formations.
- Nutrient limitation occurs when essential nutrients are scarce, impacting growth.
- Algal blooms result from nutrient overload in aquatic systems.
Chapter 6: Biological Principles and Methodology
- Asexual reproduction involves offspring from a single parent; sexual reproduction involves genetic contributions from two parents.
- Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions within organisms.
- Experimental groups (Group A) receive the treatment; control groups (Group B) do not.
- Scientific methodology follows hypothesis development, planning, experimentation, and analysis.
Practice Questions
- Chemistry foundation starts with atoms.
- Subatomic particles: protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus; electrons orbit around.
- Hydrogen bonds link water molecules, creating unique properties.
- Main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Decomposers, such as fungi, recycle nutrients essential for ecosystem health.
- Greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) trap heat in the atmosphere, affecting climate.
- Solar energy is the primary energy source driving Earth's climate system.
- Plants utilize photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy.
- Invasive species disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native species.
Key Concepts
- Understand the flow of energy and matter in ecosystems.
- Recognize the importance of nutrient cycling for sustainability.
- Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and their roles in ecological health.
- Analyze the implications of human activity on climate and ecosystems.
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Description
Prepare for your Fall 2024 Midterm by reviewing key concepts from Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of Science 1113. This guide covers vocabulary, community analysis, peer review, isotopes, chemical bonds, and the properties of water. Master these foundational ideas to excel in your studies and assessments.
