Cranial Cavity
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Questions and Answers

How many bones are found in the facial skeleton (viscerocranium)?

There are 14 bones in the facial skeleton.

What can result from fractures of the cribriform plate?

  • Meningitis and anosmia (correct)
  • Skull deformation and visual impairment
  • Cerebral edema and aphasia
  • Hemorrhage and amnesia

    • Which nerve is associated with the function of the parotid gland?

  • Vagus nerve (X)
  • Facial nerve (VII)
  • Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (correct)

    • What do the cranial venous sinuses transmit?

    <p>Blood from the heart to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the function of most muscles of the palate, pharynx and larynx?

    <p>Vagus nerve (X)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the function of the lateral rectus muscle?

    <p>Abducens (VI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and palate?

    <p>Facial nerve (VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is associated with balance and hearing functions?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull houses the brain, meninges, and vasculature?

    <p>Cranial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is associated with the function of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and glands of nose & palate?

    <p>Facial nerve (VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints hold the skull's bones together?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for most extrinsic and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve (XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane is tightly attached to the inner layer of the dura mater due to the presence of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Arachnoid mater (from neural crest)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main regions that make up the brain?

    <p>Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the step-like depressions within the skull called?

    <p>Cranial fossae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which meningeal layer adheres to the skull and contains sinuses for draining venous blood?

    <p>Dura mater (mesoderm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movable bone that articulates with the remainder of the skull?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the membranous gaps between the skull bones that allow for the skull to deform during birth?

    <p>Fontanelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling and monitoring body systems?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the connective tissues holding the skull's bones together called?

    <p>Sutures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space is formed by the cranial meninges and contains cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Subarachnoid space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, supplies the meninges and can result in life-threatening epidural hemorrhaging if torn?

    <p>Middle meningeal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emissary veins are valveless veins that connect the dural venous sinuses within the skull with veins external to it. What is a clinical importance of emissary veins?

    <p>Allow for potential internal infection from the scalp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dural infoldings?

    <p>Partitioning large brain gaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each section of the cranial fossae to its corresponding layer

    <p>Anterior Cranial Fossa = Cribriform plate of the Ethmoid bone; Frontal lobes Middle Cranial Fossa = Optic Canal; Superior Orbital Fissure; Foramen Rotundum; Foramen Ovale Posterior Cranial Fossa = Internal Auditory Meatus; Jugular Foramen; Hypoglossal Canal; Foramen Magnum; Cerebellum; Pons; Medulla Middle Cranial Fossa = Temporal Lobes; Pituitary Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic demand of the brain is met through which arteries that form a loop at the base of the brain for collateral circulation?

    <p>Circle of Willis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The periosteal layer of dura mater becomes continuous with what structure on the exterior of the skull at specific cranial foramina?

    <p>The periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are arachnoid granulations?

    <p>Protrusions from the arachnoid layer into the dural venous sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cranial nerves that arise from the brain and pass through specific skull openings called foramina?

    <p>Carrying motor and/or sensory nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of dural venous sinuses?

    <p>Draining blood from the brain to the internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thorax and abdomen, and sensory fibers for taste from the tongue and sensory fibers for the viscera?

    <p>Vagus nerve (CNX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

    <p>Draining excess cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the movements of the eye, including the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve (CNIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation to specific muscles including sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

    <p>Spinal Accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is a sensory nerve that transmits visual information from the eye to the brain?

    <p>Optic nerve (CNII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and outward movement of the eye?

    <p>Trochlear nerve (CNIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve contains sensory fibers for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, and motor fibers for chewing, facial expression, and jaw movement?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve (CNV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in controlling the movements of the eye and the muscles of the eye, including sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve (CNIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each suture of the skull to its corresponding description

    <p>Coronal Suture = The suture where the parietal bones articulate with the frontal bone. Lamboidal Suture = The suture where the parietal bones articulate with the occipital bone. Sagittal Suture = The suture where the parietal bones articulate with each other. Squamosal Suture = Laterally located it is the suture where the parietal bones articulate with the temporal bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each layer of the skull with its description

    <p>Pterion = Lateral aspect of the skull where the parietal, frontal, greater wing of the sphenoid, and the squamous portion of the temporal bone articulate Bregma = The junction between the sagittal and coronal sutures. Lambda = The junction between the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures. N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each layer to its clinical significance

    <p>Pterion = Important clinically because the pterion represents one of the thinnest areas of the skull, therefore, it is prone to fractures. The anterior branch of the MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY lies in a groove on the internal aspect of the pterion. Bregma = Membranous at birth to accommodate the rapidly enlarging postnatal brain, forming the ANTERIOR FONTANELLE (i.e., ―soft spot; typically closes by the end of the 2nd year). Lambda = Membranous at birth to accommodate the rapidly enlarging postnatal brain, forming the POSTERIOR FONTANELLE (i.e., the other ―soft spot; typically closes by the 2nd – 9th month). N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the Dura mater?

    <p>Anterior and middle cranial fossae (V1- V3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the blood supply of the Dura mater?

    <p>Middle meningeal artery (anterior division crosses over the pterion); small branches of occipital, ophthalmic and vertebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of blood collection associated with middle meningeal artery injury?

    <p>Epidural Space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each dural infolding to its description

    <p>FALX CEREBRI = Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Anteriorly attaches to the frontal crest of the frontal bone and the crista galli of the ethmoid bone. Posteriorly attaches to the internal occipital protuberance TENTORIUM CEREBELLI = A horizontal sheet of meningeal dura mater separating the left and right occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. Posteriorly attaches to the transverse ridge of the occipital bone FALX CEREBELLI = Separates the left and right cerebellar hemisphere. Superiorly continuous with the inferior portion of the tentorium cerebelli. Posteriorly is attached to the internal occipital protuberance N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arrange the steps of venous drainage in the order in which they proceed

    <p>1 = small vessels within the brain form the cerebral veins, which ascend vertically and pierce the periosteal and meningeal layer of the dura to drain into the nearest dural venous sinus 2 = the superficial and deep divisions of the venous drainage meet up at the posterior aspect of the brain at the confluence of the sinuses. The confluence collects blood from the brain and sends it back down and out through the skull by the bilateral transverse sinuses. 3 = the blood will flow from the transverse sinuses into the S-shaped sigmoid sinuses 4 = blood then flows into the internal jugular vein via the jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the external carotid artery branches supply?

    <p>Structures of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the internal carotid artery supply?

    <p>Brain (Frontal, temporal, parietal lobe of the cerebrum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the vertebral artery supply?

    <p>Cerebellum, brainstem and occipital lobe of the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each nerve type to its description

    <p>General Somatic Afferent (GVA) = Sensory from somatic structures like skin and mucous membranes (pain, touch, pressure, temperature) General Visceral Afferent (GVA) = Sensation (ischemia, distension, cramping..); Somatic / visceral structures (carotid body &amp; sinus, pharynx, some mucosa of pharynx, larynx &amp; trachea...) General Somatic Efferent (GSE) = Motor to skeletal muscle (includes SVE a.k.a. BE = branchial motor) General Visceral Efferent (GVE) = Motor to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle &amp; gland; Presynaptic parasympathetic axons destined for structures in the head &amp; neck will synapse in parasympathetic ganglia (otic, ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only Parasympathetics are found in cranial nerves

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Special afferent nerves control sensations of taste, hearing, equilibrium, smell and vision

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a motor only cranial nerve?

    <p>Olfactory (CN I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a special sensory only cranial nerve (SA)?

    <p>Optic (CN II)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mixed nerve?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Cranial nerves consist of 23 functional components, including 7 motor only (Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Spinal Accessory, Hypoglossal), 3 sensory only (Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulocochlear), and 13 mixed nerves (Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus)
    • Motor only cranial nerves provide motor innervation to specific muscles: Oculomotor (levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique), Trochlear (superior oblique), Abducens (none), Spinal Accessory (none), and Spinal Accessory (sternocleidomastoid, trapezius), Hypoglossal (tongue muscles)
    • Sensory only cranial nerves are responsible for special sensory functions: Olfactory (smell), Optic (vision), and Vestibulocochlear (equilibrium and hearing)
    • Mixed nerves (Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus) contain sensory and motor fibers, and are associated with specific ganglia
    • Sensory fibers in cranial nerves detect various sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, pain, taste, vision, smell, and equilibrium
    • Motor fibers in cranial nerves provide innervation to skeletal muscles and glands, and can be classified as General Somatic Efferent (GSE) or General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
    • Parasympathetic ganglia, such as the ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, and submandibular ganglia, receive fibers from cranial nerves and provide parasympathetic innervation to structures in the head and neck. These parasympathetic fibers travel with sympathetic fibers on the branches of the trigeminal nerve to reach their target organs.
    • The olfactory nerve, responsible for the sense of smell, is damaged easily and can result in anosmia or the loss of the sense of smell. Damage can be caused by fractures of the cribriform plate, shearing of the olfactory nerve fibers, or trauma to the head.
    • The optic nerve, responsible for vision, transmits visual information from the eye to the brain and can be damaged, leading to vision loss or impairment.
    • The oculomotor nerve (CNIII) controls the movements of the eye and the muscles of the eye, including the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles. It also innervates the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles for accommodation and pupillary constriction.
    • The trochlear nerve (CNIV) controls the superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and outward movement of the eye.
    • The trigeminal nerve (CNV) is a mixed nerve that controls sensation in the face and motor function in the jaw and neck. It contains sensory fibers for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, and motor fibers for chewing, facial expression, and jaw movement. It is also responsible for innervation to the parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck, providing parasympathetic innervation to structures in the head and neck.
    • The facial nerve (CNVII) is responsible for motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, and sensory innervation to the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
    • The glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) contains sensory fibers that transmit taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue, and motor fibers that control the stylopharyngeus muscle and the tone of the pharyngeal plexus.
    • The vagus nerve (CNX) is a mixed nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thorax and abdomen, and sensory fibers for taste from the tongue and sensory fibers for the viscera.
    • The olfactory nerve (CNI) is a sensory nerve that contains receptors for the sense of smell, and is damaged easily, leading to anosmia or loss of the sense of smell.
    • The optic nerve (CNII) is a sensory nerve that transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.
    • The oculomotor nerve (CNIII) is a motor nerve that controls the movements of the eye and the muscles of the eye.
    • The trochlear nerve (CNIV) is a motor nerve that controls the superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and outward movement of the eye.
    • The trigeminal nerve (CNV) is a mixed nerve that contains sensory fibers for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, and motor fibers for chewing, facial expression, and jaw movement. It is also responsible for innervation to the parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck.
    • The facial nerve (CNVII) is a motor and sensory nerve that controls facial expression and transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
    • The glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) is a mixed nerve that contains sensory fibers for taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue and motor fibers that control the stylopharyngeus muscle and the tone of the pharyngeal plexus.
    • The vagus nerve (CNX) is a mixed nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thorax and abdomen, and sensory fibers for taste from the tongue and sensory fibers for the viscera.
    • The olfactory nerve (CNI) and optic nerve (CNII) are sensory nerves that transmit sensory information to the brain.
    • The oculomotor nerve (CNIII), trochlear nerve (CNIV), and optic nerve (CNII) are involved in controlling the movements of the eye.
    • The trigeminal nerve (CNV) is a mixed nerve that contains sensory and motor fibers, and is responsible for sensation and motor function in the face and jaw.
    • The facial nerve (CNVII) is a motor and sensory nerve that controls facial expression and transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
    • The glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) is a mixed nerve that contains sensory fibers for taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue and motor fibers that control the stylopharyngeus muscle and the tone of the pharyngeal plexus.
    • The vagus nerve (CNX) is a mixed nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thorax and abdomen, and sensory fibers for taste from the tongue and sensory fibers for the viscera.
    • Parasympathetic ganglia, such as the ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, and submandibular ganglia, receive fibers from cranial nerves and provide parasympathetic innervation to structures in the head and neck. These parasympathetic fibers travel with sympathetic fibers on the branches of the trigeminal nerve to reach their target organs.
    • The sense of smell is variable and decreases with age, and damage to the olfactory nerve can result in anosmia or the loss of the sense of smell.
    • The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.
    • The oculomotor nerve controls the movements of the eye and the muscles of the eye.
    • The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and outward movement of the eye.
    • The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that contains sensory and motor fibers, and is responsible for sensation and motor function in the face and jaw.
    • The facial nerve controls facial expression and transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
    • The glossopharyngeal nerve contains sensory fibers for taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue and motor fibers that control the stylopharyngeus muscle and the tone of the pharyngeal plexus.
    • The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thorax and abdomen, and sensory fibers for taste from the tongue and sensory fibers for the viscera.
    • The olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve are all cranial nerves that play a role in sensory and motor function in the head and neck.
    • Parasympathetic ganglia receive fibers from cranial nerves and provide parasympathetic innervation to structures in the head and neck. These parasympathetic fibers travel with sympathetic fibers on the branches of the trigeminal nerve to reach the target organs.
    • The sense of smell

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