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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to an influence on military terminology during the Middle English period?
Which term refers to an influence on military terminology during the Middle English period?
What type of terminology did the words 'roast' and 'sauce' correspond to?
What type of terminology did the words 'roast' and 'sauce' correspond to?
Which of the following is an example of a 'higher style' term compared to its Anglo-Saxon counterpart?
Which of the following is an example of a 'higher style' term compared to its Anglo-Saxon counterpart?
Which grammatical consequence was noted in the Middle English period?
Which grammatical consequence was noted in the Middle English period?
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What influenced the formation of standard language in Early Modern English?
What influenced the formation of standard language in Early Modern English?
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Which of the following words is an example of Latin influence in the vocabulary during the Age of New Learning?
Which of the following words is an example of Latin influence in the vocabulary during the Age of New Learning?
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Which adjective is categorized as 'bookish' in the influence of Greco-Latin terms?
Which adjective is categorized as 'bookish' in the influence of Greco-Latin terms?
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What is a characteristic way through which Dutch loans influenced the English language?
What is a characteristic way through which Dutch loans influenced the English language?
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Study Notes
Middle English Period (1100-1500)
-
Norman and Central French Influence
- State administration terms: government, minister, state, nation, crown
- Anglo-Saxon words: king, lord, earl
- Military terminology: war, peace, enemy, officer
- Legal terms: justice, crime, penalty, prison
- Religious terminology: service, pray, virgin
- Words of A-S origin: god, heaven
- Past time activities & art: architecture, palace, poet, paint, chapter, beauty, sport
- Cookery terms: roast, toast, sauce, boil, supper
- Words of A-S origin: cook, breakfast
- Kinds of meat (Norman): veal, beef, pork, mutton, venison
- Names of domestic animals (Anglo-Saxon): calf, cow, pig, lamb, ram, deer
- Norman words: captain, catch, ward
- Central French words: chieftain, chase, guard
-
Grammatical Consequences
- Derivational morphemes: -age, -able, -ment, -fy
- Analytical tendencies in the language = simplification (decay of inflections)
-
Stylistic Consequences
- Synonymous word pairs:
- Lower style (Anglo-Saxon): hearty, child, might, wish
- Higher style (Norman): cordial, infant, power, desire
- Synonymous word pairs:
Early Modern English (1500-1750)
- Invention of printing (William Caxton)
- Formation of standard language
- Renewed interest in classical literature
Greco-Latin Influence in the Age of New Learning
- Humanities: allegory, history, include, individual, nervous, picture, rational, summary, temporal
- Bookish words (written L)
Latin Loans
- Natural sciences: tract, ulcer, acid, hydrogene, atom, nucleus, proton, radium, vertebrates, mammals, fungi, bacteria
Latin Via French
- Perfection: MidE parfit > Lat. perfectus > ModE perfect
- Adventure: MidE aventure > Lat. adventura > ModE adventure
Stylistic Consequences (Continued)
- Bookishness and depersonalization
- Abstractness
- A-S / Norman / Latin words
- rise / mount / ascend
- time / age / epoch
- holy / sacred / consecrated
Dutch Loans
- Lively political and commercial contacts
- Maritime terminology: deck, dock, yacht
- Drawing and painting: landscape, easel
Italian Loans
- Lively business and cultural contacts
- Music: violin, soprano, alto
- Architecture: fresco, balcony
- Business: risk, bankrupt, lottery
- Food: pasta, salami
Spanish Loans
- Military terms: embargo, barricade, tank
- Agriculture: tobacco, banana, cocoa
- Meteorological phenomena: hurricane, tornado
- Other lexical loans: guitar, sombrero, sherry, cargo
Loans from Other Languages
- Arabic: algebra, zero, alcohol
- Turkish: coffee, kiosk, yoghurt
- Russian: vodka, sputnik
- German: kindergarten, sauerkraut
- Czech/Slovak: robot
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Middle English Period, focusing on the influences of Norman and Central French on the language. Explore various terminology related to governance, military, law, and daily life during this transformative era in English history.
