Middle East Since 1500

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following figures was known for emphasizing the importance of community (ummah) and accountability in the afterlife?

  • Ibn Sina
  • Muhammad (correct)
  • Ibn Rushd
  • Ibn Taymiyya

What was the primary reason for the conflict between Muhammad and the Meccan elites?

  • Muhammad's teachings challenged the existing social and economic order (correct)
  • Muhammad's political ambitions to overthrow the Meccan leadership
  • Muhammad's rejection of the Meccan polytheistic traditions
  • Muhammad's desire to establish a new religion for the Arabian Peninsula

Who is considered the founder of the Safavid Empire?

  • Shah Abbas
  • Akbar the Great
  • Suleiman the Magnificent
  • None of the above (correct)

What term refers to the system of military land grants in the Ottoman Empire?

<p>Tiyul or timar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Millet system' associated with?

<p>The Ottoman Empire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is associated with the 'clash of civilizations' thesis?

<p>Samuel P. Huntington (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scholars was known for his critique of Ibn Rushd's philosophy?

<p>Al-Ghazzali (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical significance of the Madrasa, mentioned in the content provided?

<p>It was a crucial institution for the transmission of Islamic knowledge and jurisprudence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Umayyad and Abbasid rule, which of the following was NOT a key development in the Islamic legal system?

<p>The emergence of early Islamic banking practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Seljuk Turks on the Islamic world in the 10th to 14th century?

<p>The Seljuks established a strong centralized empire, bringing stability to the region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major theological movements that emerged during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras were characterized by which of the following?

<p>A focus on the role of reason and free will in human destiny. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key consequence of the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258?

<p>It marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate and the beginning of a period of fragmentation in the Islamic world. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Sufism?

<p>Emphasis on intellectual debates and complex theological arguments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Ibn al-Haytham to the advancement of knowledge in the Islamic world?

<p>He made major contributions to the field of optics through his experiments with light and vision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Crusades on the Islamic world?

<p>The Crusades led to a period of intense conflict but also facilitated cultural exchange and the spread of knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the rapid territorial expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate?

<p>The weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires, which were both facing internal challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an Islamic religious college?

<p>Madrasa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed significantly to Western medicine?

<p>Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of the Safavid Empire compared to the Ottoman Empire?

<p>Established Shi‘ism as the state religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which figure is known for bridging Sufism and orthodox Islam?

<p>Al-Ghazzali (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Huntington's 'Clash of Civilizations' thesis primarily attributes global conflicts to which factors?

<p>Cultural and religious differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common characteristic of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

<p>They utilized gunpowder technology for expansion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire's approach to religion?

<p>Adopted a policy of religious tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient numeral system significantly impacted Western mathematics?

<p>Arabic numerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gelvin's critique emphasize about historical civilizations?

<p>They evolve through interactions and cooperation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of Islamic civilization?

<p>It evolved and adapted to different cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the basic teachings preached by Muhammad during his lifetime?

<p>The belief in one God and social justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant political influence of the Turks on the Middle East?

<p>Formation of major empires like the Seljuks and Ottomans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the rule of the Rashidun caliphs after Muhammad?

<p>Rapid territorial expansion and community governance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legal school did NOT emerge during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates?

<p>Jafari (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connected Arabic loanwords in English to cultural exchanges with the Middle East?

<p>Trade, science, and daily life contributions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Ottoman and Safavid empires differ in their religious practices?

<p>Ottomans ruled over diverse populations with a millet system, while Safavids had religious uniformity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a development in the Abbasid period?

<p>Formation of the Byzantine Empire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor contributing to the decentralization of the Abbasid caliphate?

<p>Arrival of new groups like Turks and Mongols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Shah Abbas play in the Safavid Empire?

<p>Strengthened the state, reformed the military, and promoted culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Devshirme system within the Ottoman Empire?

<p>To recruit Christian boys into military and administrative service. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of knowledge was a major focus in the development of sciences in the Middle East during the medieval period?

<p>Medicine and astronomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the West primarily borrow from the Middle East throughout history?

<p>Architectural styles, mathematics, and science (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Millet system associated with in the Ottoman Empire?

<p>Self-governance for religious minorities under their laws. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the interactions between the Middle East and the West be characterized over fourteen centuries?

<p>Complex relationships marked by coexistence and conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Madrasa

A medieval college for studying religious sciences in Islam.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

A renowned Persian polymath known for his works in philosophy and medicine.

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

An influential Muslim philosopher who commented on Aristotle's works.

Al-Ghazzali

A prominent Islamic theologian who contributed to philosophy and mysticism.

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Muhammad's Basic Teachings

Teachings emphasizing monotheism, moral responsibility, and community.

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Shah Abbas

The most famous ruler of the Safavid Empire, known for cultural and military achievements.

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Milliyet System

A system in the Ottoman Empire allowing religious minorities to govern themselves.

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Clash of Civilizations

Samuel P. Huntington's theory suggesting cultural conflicts shape global politics.

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Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine

A foundational medical text by Avicenna that influenced Western medicine.

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Arabic Numerals

The number system that originated in the Middle East and is used globally today.

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Ottoman Empire

A powerful Islamic empire known for military strength and diverse governance.

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Huntington’s Thesis

Theory proposing that global conflicts arise from cultural and religious differences.

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Mughal Empire

An Indian empire known for its religious tolerance and trade economy.

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Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief system focusing on inner spiritual experience.

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Gelvin’s Critique

Rejects fixed civilizations in conflict, emphasizing cooperation and exchange.

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Islamic Civilization Dynamics

Islamic civilization evolved over time, adapting to various cultures.

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Cultural Exchange

Islamic world connected through trade, knowledge, and politics globally.

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Turkish Influence

Turks shaped the Middle East through politics, culture, and economics.

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Arabic Loanwords

English words like 'algebra' and 'coffee' derive from Arabic origins.

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Ottoman vs. Safavid Empires

Both were Islamic empires but differed in governance and military strength.

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Devshirme System

Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys for military and administration.

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Rashidun Caliphs

The first four leaders of the Islamic community after Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali.

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Abu Bakr's Role

Consolidated Islamic rule and unity after Muhammad's death.

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Umar's Expansion

Expanded the Islamic empire through military conquests.

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Uthman's Contribution

Compiled the Quran, standardizing it for the Muslim community.

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Ali's Challenge

Faced internal divisions and conflicts within the Islamic community.

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Jizya Tax

Tax paid by non-Muslims (dhimmis) in exchange for protection and religious freedom.

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Hanafi School

A legal school emphasizing rationalist and flexible legal reasoning.

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Muhammad's Teachings

Basic principles preached by Muhammad, including monotheism and social justice.

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Sunni Legal Schools

Mainstream Sunni Islam's legal traditions, including Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali schools.

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Shi'ism Variants

Twelver and Sevener Shi'ism developed with distinct beliefs during the Abbasid period.

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Cultural Decentralization

The decline of centralized Abbasid power, leading to new principalities in the Middle East.

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Middle Eastern Sciences

Sciences in medieval periods focused on astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, rooted in ancient knowledge.

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West's Borrowings

Cultural and scientific elements the West adopted from the Middle East during medieval and modern times.

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Interactions between Middle East and West

Fourteen centuries of coexistence, showcasing shared roots and mutual influence.

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Study Notes

Middle East Since 1500

  • Muhammad's teachings challenged existing power structures and beliefs, leading to conflict with Meccans
  • Rashidun successors expanded the empire, but treatment of conquered populations varied
  • Sunni Islamic legal and theological schools developed during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, including Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools
  • Four major schools of thought emerged in Abbasid period, including Twelver (Imami) and Sevener (Isma'ili) Shi'ism, philosophy, and Sufism
  • Influx of Turks, crusaders, and Mongols during the 10th-14th centuries caused decentralization and fall of Abbasid Caliphate
  • New principalities rose in response to these changes
  • Medieval and early modern Middle Eastern sciences drew on ancient sources, focused on specific branches like medicine, mathematics, and astronomy.
  • West borrowed from Middle East throughout the medieval and modern periods. These borrowings highlight complicated relations and cultural exchange
  • Shared roots and commonalities between the West and Middle East
  • Madrasas were medieval colleges for religious science studies

Important Themes in Armstrong

  • 1500 saw three major empires emerge: Safavids, Mughals, Ottomans, which were largely agrarian societies
  • Shared similarities in military organization, reliance on gunpowder, and expansionist policies.
  • Political/religious/cultural differences included religious adherence, political structures, and their interactions with conquered peoples.
  • Ottoman (Sunni Islam), strong military and naval capabilities, a millet system for religious minorities
  • Safavid (Shi'a Islam), less centralized compared to the Ottomans, and focused on promoting Shi'a Islam
  • Mughal (Sunni Islamic with tolerance), controlled India with a diverse population

Huntington's Thesis & Gelvin's Critique

  • Huntington's clash of civilizations thesis suggests that global conflicts stem primarily from cultural and religious differences
  • Gelvin argues that civilizations are not static and historical interactions, exchanges and cooperation characterized the relationship between societies
  • Medieval Islamic history demonstrates cultural development, connectedness with other societies, and within-Islam diversity

Turkish Influence and Cultural Exchange

  • Turks left significant impacts on the Middle East through empires like the Seljuks and Ottomans
  • Leaving cultural marks on language, military traditions, and governance of Islamic societies
  • Key role in controlling trade routes, and contributing to commerce

Ottoman vs. Safavid Empires

  • Both were Islamic gunpowder empires, relied on bureaucracies and strong military forces
  • Distinctions exist in their religious structures and political organization
  • Ottoman Empire (Sunni) governed a diverse population using a millet system, whereas the Safavid Empire (Shi'a) prioritized religious uniformity, but was militarily less robust.

Names and Important Terms

  • Key individuals like Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Al-Ghazzali, Suhrawardi, and Ibn Khaldu are important for understanding history
  • Terms like Madrasa, Devshirme, Timar, and Millet System showcase significant organizational and political characteristics of societies

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History 474 – The Middle East Since 1500 Study Guide PDF

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