Mid-Ocean Ridge and Sea Floor Spreading
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Questions and Answers

Which seismic waves are the most damaging of all the seismic waves?

  • S-waves
  • Rayleigh waves (correct)
  • P-waves
  • Love waves

    • What is the fastest type of seismic wave?

  • S-waves
  • Rayleigh waves
  • Love waves
  • P-waves (correct)

    • What is the seismic wave type that moves across the surface like a wave in the ocean?

  • P-waves
  • S-waves
  • Love waves
  • Rayleigh waves (correct)

    • Which scale is most useful for measuring mid-range earthquakes?

    <p>Richter Scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seismic wave is more damaging than P-waves?

    <p>S-waves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do geologists measure the strength of earthquakes?

    <p>Seismographs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of fires during earthquakes?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between magma and lava?

    <p>Magma is under the crust, while lava is above the crust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is the most explosive?

    <p>Composite cone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide aerosols from volcanic eruptions?

    <p>They reflect the sun's rays into space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of lava?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amount of silica in lava and its viscosity?

    <p>The more silica, the higher the viscosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of morphologies associated with mafic lava flows?

    <p>Pahoehoe, Aa, and pillow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates nuee ardente flow from pumice flow deposits?

    <p>Nuee ardente has block-and-ash flow while pumice is a pyroclastic surge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of intermediate lava?

    <p>Blocky morphologies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are pyroclastic surges different from pyroclastic flows?

    <p>Surges have higher gas content and lower rock fragments than flows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do volcanic plateaus form?

    <p>From thick, easily flowing lava spreading over a wide area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is responsible for the formation of the Mid-Ocean Ridge?

    <p>Sea floor spreading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern observed in the magnetic polarity of the oceanic crust near the Mid-Ocean Ridge?

    <p>The polarity alternates between normal and reversed as you move away from the ridge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did scientists draw from the alternating pattern of magnetic polarity in the oceanic crust?

    <p>The Earth's magnetic field has flip-flopped over the years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about earthquakes is true?

    <p>Earthquakes can occur both on land and underwater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fault mentioned in the text?

    <p>Thrust fault (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can underwater earthquakes potentially trigger?

    <p>Tsunamis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?

    <p>75% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a volcanic hazard?

    <p>Tephra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges?

    <p>Both a and b are correct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lahar?

    <p>A landslide of volcanic debris and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the LEAST deadly volcanic hazard?

    <p>Lava flows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a volcanic earthquake?

    <p>Both a and b are correct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best preventative measure for protecting against lahars?

    <p>Evacuating people and developing a warning system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a tsunami be triggered by volcanic activity?

    <p>By the volcanic earthquake shaking the ocean floor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a foreshock and a mainshock?

    <p>A foreshock is a smaller quake that occurs before the mainshock, while the mainshock is the largest quake in the series. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Richter scale and the moment magnitude scale?

    <p>The Richter scale uses the value of the amplitude of the highest seismic wave, while the moment magnitude scale uses the seismic moment to measure intensity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the energy released by earthquakes increase as the magnitude on the Richter scale increases?

    <p>The energy released increases by a factor of 1,048,576 from a magnitude 4 to a magnitude 8 earthquake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main effects that an earthquake can have on the landscape?

    <p>Earthquakes can cause the ground to liquefy, where wet soil and sediment move and act like a liquid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main effects that an earthquake can have on human-made structures?

    <p>Earthquakes can cause power and gas lines to rupture, leading to widespread power outages and fires. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process responsible for the formation of the Mid-Ocean Ridge?

    <p>Sea floor spreading (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern is observed in the magnetic polarity of the oceanic crust near the Mid-Ocean Ridge?

    <p>The polarity alternates between normal and reversed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conclusion that scientists drew from the alternating pattern of magnetic polarity in the oceanic crust?

    <p>The Earth's magnetic field has reversed direction multiple times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect that an underwater earthquake can have?

    <p>Cause a tsunami (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of faults mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reverse, normal, and strike-slip (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of earthquakes according to the text?

    <p>Plate tectonics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common gas emitted during a volcanic eruption?

    <p>Water vapor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the viscosity of lava relate to its silica content?

    <p>Higher silica content leads to higher viscosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main negative effects of sulfur dioxide released during volcanic eruptions?

    <p>It causes acid rain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between magma and lava?

    <p>Magma is underground, while lava is on the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of volcanic eruption mentioned in the text?

    <p>Phreatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of carbon dioxide released during volcanic eruptions?

    <p>It is a greenhouse gas that traps heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of seismic waves during an earthquake?

    <p>The release of stress or pressure at the fault rupture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seismic waves travel through the interior of the Earth?

    <p>P-waves and S-waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the location on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake?

    <p>Epicenter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions is NOT mentioned as one of the three major areas where most earthquakes occur?

    <p>The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mechanism or device used to measure seismic activity during an earthquake?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of most earthquakes, according to the text?

    <p>The slipping of tectonic plates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a foreshock and an aftershock?

    <p>A foreshock is a smaller quake that occurs before the mainshock, while an aftershock is a smaller quake that occurs after the mainshock. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the magnitude of an earthquake and the amount of ground shaking?

    <p>As the magnitude increases, the amount of ground shaking increases exponentially. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is better suited for measuring the magnitude of large earthquakes?

    <p>The moment magnitude scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a seismograph?

    <p>To detect seismic activity and measure the amplitude of seismic waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of structural damage during an earthquake?

    <p>Ground shaking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of an earthquake?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the viscosity of lava?

    <p>Silica content of the lava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pyroclastic flows?

    <p>They move very slowly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a nuee ardente flow and a pumice flow?

    <p>Nuee ardente flows have a higher density of lava fragments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of felsic lava?

    <p>It explodes from lava domes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism responsible for the formation of a volcanic pipe?

    <p>Pressure buildup in a magma chamber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a crater and a caldera?

    <p>A caldera is a large crater formed by the emptying of a magma chamber (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is known for having a high concentration of volcanoes?

    <p>The Ring of Fire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a volcanic hazard?

    <p>Earthquakes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges?

    <p>Pyroclastic surges contain more gas than pyroclastic flows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lahar?

    <p>A flowing mass of volcanic debris and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a tsunami be triggered by volcanic activity?

    <p>By a landslide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that lava flows are considered less deadly than other volcanic hazards?

    <p>They move at slower speeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that pyroclastic surges are considered deadly?

    <p>The presence of highly heated toxic gases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with tephra?

    <p>It can negatively impact respiratory health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's volcanoes are located along the Ring of Fire?

    <p>75% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best preventative measure for protecting against lahars?

    <p>Evacuating people and developing a warning system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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