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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of motile cilia in the human respiratory tract?
What is the primary role of motile cilia in the human respiratory tract?
Which proteins are involved in the structure of microvilli?
Which proteins are involved in the structure of microvilli?
What distinguishes primary cilia from motile cilia?
What distinguishes primary cilia from motile cilia?
Which of the following is NOT a function of motile cilia?
Which of the following is NOT a function of motile cilia?
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What type of cilia are responsible for sperm motility in humans?
What type of cilia are responsible for sperm motility in humans?
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Which protein attaches actin filaments to the plasma membrane in microvilli?
Which protein attaches actin filaments to the plasma membrane in microvilli?
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What is the primary purpose of isoelectric focusing in protein analysis?
What is the primary purpose of isoelectric focusing in protein analysis?
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Where can primary cilia typically be found in human cells?
Where can primary cilia typically be found in human cells?
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What is the main type of projection that cilia and flagella originate from?
What is the main type of projection that cilia and flagella originate from?
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In the second step of isoelectric focusing, what is the purpose of adding SDS?
In the second step of isoelectric focusing, what is the purpose of adding SDS?
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What distinguishes the resolving power of isoelectric focusing?
What distinguishes the resolving power of isoelectric focusing?
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Which component is essential for electrophoresis in isoelectric focusing?
Which component is essential for electrophoresis in isoelectric focusing?
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What chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
What chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
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What is a key feature of the octet rule in chemical bonding?
What is a key feature of the octet rule in chemical bonding?
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Which structural representation demonstrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule?
Which structural representation demonstrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule?
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When writing resonant structures, which rule must be followed?
When writing resonant structures, which rule must be followed?
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What is the primary reason that atoms form covalent bonds?
What is the primary reason that atoms form covalent bonds?
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What does the octet rule refer to?
What does the octet rule refer to?
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What is an ionic bond?
What is an ionic bond?
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Which factor primarily influences the formation of ionic bonds?
Which factor primarily influences the formation of ionic bonds?
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How are molecules that are predominantly formed by covalent bonds typically represented?
How are molecules that are predominantly formed by covalent bonds typically represented?
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Which unique property does hydrogen exhibit in terms of bonding?
Which unique property does hydrogen exhibit in terms of bonding?
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Which statement is true regarding electronegativity?
Which statement is true regarding electronegativity?
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What is the effect of achieving an octet in an atom's valence shell?
What is the effect of achieving an octet in an atom's valence shell?
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What is the purpose of resonance structures in chemistry?
What is the purpose of resonance structures in chemistry?
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Which characteristic is specific to dash structural formulas?
Which characteristic is specific to dash structural formulas?
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What is typically included in a condensed structural formula?
What is typically included in a condensed structural formula?
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Which of the following statements about formal charges is correct?
Which of the following statements about formal charges is correct?
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Which of the following is a limitation of resonance structures?
Which of the following is a limitation of resonance structures?
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How can isopropyl alcohol be represented in condensed structural formulas?
How can isopropyl alcohol be represented in condensed structural formulas?
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What is incorrect about the depiction of atoms in dash structural formulas?
What is incorrect about the depiction of atoms in dash structural formulas?
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What is a primary reason for using condensed structural formulas?
What is a primary reason for using condensed structural formulas?
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What are essential amino acids in cell culture?
What are essential amino acids in cell culture?
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Which statement accurately describes a primary cell culture?
Which statement accurately describes a primary cell culture?
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What is a crucial characteristic of mammalian cell culture media?
What is a crucial characteristic of mammalian cell culture media?
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Why is aseptic technique important in cell culture?
Why is aseptic technique important in cell culture?
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Which component is NOT typically found in a mammalian cell culture medium?
Which component is NOT typically found in a mammalian cell culture medium?
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What is a unique feature of cell lines compared to primary cell cultures?
What is a unique feature of cell lines compared to primary cell cultures?
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At what temperature should mammalian cell cultures typically be maintained?
At what temperature should mammalian cell cultures typically be maintained?
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What is a reason for changing the culture medium frequently?
What is a reason for changing the culture medium frequently?
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Study Notes
Microvilli Structure
- Microvilli are made up of five main proteins: actin, fimbrin, villin, myosin (Myo1A), and calmodulin.
- Actin filaments are cross-linked into closely packed bundles by actin bundling proteins, particularly fimbrin and villin.
- Actin filaments attach to the plasma membrane by lateral arms consisting of myosin I and calmodulin.
Cilia and Flagella
- Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based plasma membrane projections.
- Cilia act as antennae, sensing extracellular signals and facilitating movement.
- There are two types of eukaryotic cilia: primary (non-motile) cilia and motile cilia.
- Primary cilia are found on most animal cells and are involved in sensing extracellular signals, including movement, odorants, and light.
- Motile cilia are responsible for cell movement.
Motile Cilia
- Found on the surface of epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes (oviducts), and efferent ducts.
- Their functions include moving mucus over epithelial surfaces in respiratory epithelium (clearing dust particles, dead cells, and bacteria from respiratory passages) and transporting the ovum toward the uterus in the uterine tubes.
Cell Culture
- Living cells can be suspended in an appropriate liquid for examination under a light microscope, but they will soon die.
- Prolonged study of living cells can be achieved by cultivating them in solutions containing necessary nutrients to keep them alive.
Cell Culture Conditions
- Cell culture requires a medium that supplies essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, gases (O2, CO2), and a regulated physicochemical environment (pH, osmotic pressure, temperature).
- Most cells are anchorage-dependent and must be cultured while attached to a solid or semi-solid substrate.
Mammalian Cell Culture Medium
- Rich media are required and contain essential nutrients like amino acids (including 10 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by vertebrates and must be obtained from the diet), vitamins, various salts, glucose, and serum (containing factors needed for cell proliferation, including growth factors).
- Most animal cells can only grow on special solid surfaces like treated plastics and glass.
- The medium should be changed frequently.
- Aseptic technique is necessary to avoid contamination (antibiotics are employed).
- Cell culture is typically performed in laminar-flow hoods at a temperature of 37°C and pH 7.4 (phenol red is used as an indicator dye).
Primary Cell Culture vs Cell Lines
- Primary cell culture is derived from living tissue or organs, with cells isolated directly from human or animal tissue using enzymatic or mechanical methods. It has a limited lifespan.
- Cell lines are widely used for experiments and consist of eukaryotic cells that have acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely through genetic mutations or artificial modifications. They are immortalized or continuous cell lines.
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and functions of microvilli, cilia, and flagella. Learn about the proteins involved in microvilli and how cilia serve as sensory and motile structures in eukaryotic cells. Test your understanding of these vital cellular components.