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Questions and Answers
What type of microscope uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
What type of microscope uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
Light microscope
What is the name of the microscope that uses two lenses to magnify an object, the objective lens and the eyepiece lens?
What is the name of the microscope that uses two lenses to magnify an object, the objective lens and the eyepiece lens?
Compound light microscope
What is the name of the technique that uses specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
What is the name of the technique that uses specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
Differential staining
What is the purpose of a counterstain in microscopy?
What is the purpose of a counterstain in microscopy?
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What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen, producing images with higher resolution than light microscopes?
What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen, producing images with higher resolution than light microscopes?
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What does the term "ultrastructure" refer to?
What does the term "ultrastructure" refer to?
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What are artefacts in microscopy?
What are artefacts in microscopy?
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Describe how a transmission electron microscope works.
Describe how a transmission electron microscope works.
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Describe how a scanning electron microscope works.
Describe how a scanning electron microscope works.
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What is a laser scanning confocal microscope?
What is a laser scanning confocal microscope?
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Prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
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Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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What is magnification?
What is magnification?
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What is resolution?
What is resolution?
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What is cytoplasm?
What is cytoplasm?
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What is metabolism?
What is metabolism?
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What are organelles?
What are organelles?
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What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
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What are histones?
What are histones?
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What is chromatin?
What is chromatin?
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What are chromosomes?
What are chromosomes?
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What are mitochondria?
What are mitochondria?
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What is mitochondrial DNA?
What is mitochondrial DNA?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
What is the cytoskeleton?
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What are microfilaments?
What are microfilaments?
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What is the name of the instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to enable the user to view objects magnified many times?
What is the name of the instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to enable the user to view objects magnified many times?
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What type of light microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
What type of light microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
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What is the term for using specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
What is the term for using specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
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What type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen?
What type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen?
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What term refers to the features of a cell that can be seen using an electron microscope?
What term refers to the features of a cell that can be seen using an electron microscope?
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What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through the specimen to produce an image?
What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through the specimen to produce an image?
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What type of electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a specimen to create a three-dimensional image?
What type of electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a specimen to create a three-dimensional image?
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What type of microscope employs a beam of fluorescence and a pin-hole aperture to produce images with very high resolution?
What type of microscope employs a beam of fluorescence and a pin-hole aperture to produce images with very high resolution?
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Which of the following describes a prokaryotic cell?
Which of the following describes a prokaryotic cell?
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What is the term used to describe how many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed?
What is the term used to describe how many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed?
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What is the ability to see individual objects as separate entities called?
What is the ability to see individual objects as separate entities called?
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What is the internal fluid of cells composed of?
What is the internal fluid of cells composed of?
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What is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
What is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
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What are the membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells called?
What are the membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells called?
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What is the organelle that contains the DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and reproduction?
What is the organelle that contains the DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and reproduction?
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What are the proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
What are the proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
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What is the term used to describe uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones?
What is the term used to describe uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones?
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What are the structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called?
What are the structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called?
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What is the organelle found in large numbers in most cells, where respiration and energy production occur?
What is the organelle found in large numbers in most cells, where respiration and energy production occur?
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What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondrial inner membrane called?
What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondrial inner membrane called?
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What is the fluid interior in the inner membrane of a mitochondria called?
What is the fluid interior in the inner membrane of a mitochondria called?
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What is the DNA present within the matrix of the mitochondria called?
What is the DNA present within the matrix of the mitochondria called?
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What are the small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
What are the small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
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What are the specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell called?
What are the specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell called?
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What is the network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
What is the network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
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What are the contractile protein actin fibres responsible for cell movement and cell contraction called?
What are the contractile protein actin fibres responsible for cell movement and cell contraction called?
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What are the tubes that form a scaffold-like structure to determine the shape of the cell and act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles around the cell called?
What are the tubes that form a scaffold-like structure to determine the shape of the cell and act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles around the cell called?
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What are the fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity called?
What are the fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity called?
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What is the component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of microtubules, called?
What is the component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of microtubules, called?
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What is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion called?
What is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion called?
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What is the network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae called?
What is the network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae called?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
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What are the structures constructed of RNA molecules that are the site of protein synthesis called?
What are the structures constructed of RNA molecules that are the site of protein synthesis called?
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What organelle in most eukaryotic cells is formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs, or cisternae, and plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles?
What organelle in most eukaryotic cells is formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs, or cisternae, and plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles?
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What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
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What is the strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell types called?
What is the strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell types called?
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What are the membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell called?
What are the membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell called?
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What are the organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells and contain chlorophyll pigments, where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
What are the organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells and contain chlorophyll pigments, where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
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What is the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, called?
What is the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, called?
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What structure inside chloroplasts is composed of a stack of several thylakoids and contains chlorophyll pigments, where light reactions occur during photosynthesis?
What structure inside chloroplasts is composed of a stack of several thylakoids and contains chlorophyll pigments, where light reactions occur during photosynthesis?
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What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells called?
What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells called?
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What is a molecule composed of one kind of atom called?
What is a molecule composed of one kind of atom called?
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What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms where the number of electrons is different from the number of protons called?
What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms where the number of electrons is different from the number of protons called?
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What are long-chain molecules composed of bonded multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern called?
What are long-chain molecules composed of bonded multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern called?
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What are the individual molecules that make up a polymer called?
What are the individual molecules that make up a polymer called?
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What is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms called?
What is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms called?
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What is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
What is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
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What is a molecule with an overall dipole, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds and the shape of the molecule called?
What is a molecule with an overall dipole, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds and the shape of the molecule called?
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What is the process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant called?
What is the process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant called?
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What are organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y called?
What are organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y called?
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What is a single sugar molecule called?
What is a single sugar molecule called?
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What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
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What is the name of the monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6, which is one of the main products in photosynthesis in plants?
What is the name of the monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6, which is one of the main products in photosynthesis in plants?
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What is a monosaccharide composed of six carbons called?
What is a monosaccharide composed of six carbons called?
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What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
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What type of reaction between two molecules results in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule?
What type of reaction between two molecules results in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule?
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What is the name of the disaccharide formed by linking two glucose molecules by a 1-4 glycosidic bond?
What is the name of the disaccharide formed by linking two glucose molecules by a 1-4 glycosidic bond?
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What is a molecule comprising two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond called?
What is a molecule comprising two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond called?
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What is the name of the disaccharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharides?
What is the name of the disaccharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharides?
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What is the name of the pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules?
What is the name of the pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules?
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What polysaccharide is formed from alpha glucose molecules either joined to form amylose or amylopectin?
What polysaccharide is formed from alpha glucose molecules either joined to form amylose or amylopectin?
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What type of secondary protein structure is sheet-like in structure?
What type of secondary protein structure is sheet-like in structure?
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What is the branched polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules that is the chemical energy store in animal cells called?
What is the branched polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules that is the chemical energy store in animal cells called?
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What is the breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule called?
What is the breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule called?
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What polysaccharide is formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta glucose molecules are turned upside down, unable to coil or branch, but can make hydrogen bonds with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres?
What polysaccharide is formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta glucose molecules are turned upside down, unable to coil or branch, but can make hydrogen bonds with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres?
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What are saccharides that donate electrons resulting in the reduction of another molecule called?
What are saccharides that donate electrons resulting in the reduction of another molecule called?
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What is the alkaline solution of copper(II) sulphate used in the chemical tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars called?
What is the alkaline solution of copper(II) sulphate used in the chemical tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars called?
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What is the chemical test for the presence of starch using a potassium iodide solution called?
What is the chemical test for the presence of starch using a potassium iodide solution called?
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What is the use of a spectrophotometer to determine the absorption of various wavelengths of visible light by a given solution called?
What is the use of a spectrophotometer to determine the absorption of various wavelengths of visible light by a given solution called?
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What are non-polar macromolecules containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen commonly known as?
What are non-polar macromolecules containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen commonly known as?
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What are large, complex molecules with a large molecular weight called?
What are large, complex molecules with a large molecular weight called?
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What type of lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids?
What type of lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids?
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What is the further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups called?
What is the further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups called?
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What alcohol is found in triglycerides?
What alcohol is found in triglycerides?
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What are the long chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides called?
What are the long chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides called?
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What term describes a molecule containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, without carbon-carbon double or triple bonds?
What term describes a molecule containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, without carbon-carbon double or triple bonds?
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What term describes a molecule with carbon-carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms?
What term describes a molecule with carbon-carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms?
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What are modified triglycerides where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group called?
What are modified triglycerides where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group called?
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What term describes the physical property of a molecule that is repelled by water?
What term describes the physical property of a molecule that is repelled by water?
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What term describes the physical property of a molecule that is attracted to water?
What term describes the physical property of a molecule that is attracted to water?
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What are compounds that lower the surface tension of water called?
What are compounds that lower the surface tension of water called?
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What is the type of lipid with carbons arranged in rings, with the most well-known example being cholesterol called?
What is the type of lipid with carbons arranged in rings, with the most well-known example being cholesterol called?
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What is the laboratory test for lipids using ethanol, in which a white emulsion indicates the presence of a lipid called?
What is the laboratory test for lipids using ethanol, in which a white emulsion indicates the presence of a lipid called?
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What are chains of two or more amino acid molecules called?
What are chains of two or more amino acid molecules called?
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What is the name of one or more polypeptides arranged as a complex macromolecule?
What is the name of one or more polypeptides arranged as a complex macromolecule?
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What is the side chain of an amino acid called?
What is the side chain of an amino acid called?
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What is the bond formed between two amino acids called?
What is the bond formed between two amino acids called?
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What are chains of three or more amino acids called?
What are chains of three or more amino acids called?
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What is the non-protein component of a conjugated protein called?
What is the non-protein component of a conjugated protein called?
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Study Notes
Microscopy Techniques
- Light microscope: Uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects.
- Compound light microscope: Uses two lenses (objective and eyepiece) for magnification. The objective lens is placed near the specimen and the eyepiece lens is viewed through by the user.
- Differential staining: Uses specific stains to distinguish different cell types.
- Counterstain: A second stain, different color, used to enhance contrast for microscopy, applied after another stain.
- Electron microscopy: Uses a beam of electrons instead of light, providing higher resolution images than light microscopes. Electrons have a smaller wavelength than light.
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM): Transmits an electron beam through a specimen to create an image.
- Scanning electron microscope (SEM): Scans a specimen's surface with electrons to give a 3D image of the specimen's surface.
- Laser scanning confocal microscope: Uses fluorescence and a pinhole aperture for high-resolution images.
- Artefacts: Structures or objects appearing in a microscope image that are not present in the actual specimen, caused by processing.
- Ultrastructure: Structures visible with an electron microscope
Cell Structure and Types
- Prokaryotic cell: Cells lacking a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.
- Eukaryotic cell: Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Cytoplasm: Internal fluid of cells, containing cytosol (water, salts, organic molecules), organelles, and the cytoskeleton.
- Metabolism: All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.
- Organelles: Membrane-bound compartments with varying functions within eukaryotic cells.
- Nucleus: Cell part containing DNA and RNA; crucial for growth and reproduction.
- Histones: Proteins forming chromatin with DNA.
- Chromatin: Uncondensed DNA complexed with histones.
- Chromosomes: Condensed and coiled chromatin, visible during cell division.
- Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for respiration and energy production.
- Cristae: Highly folded inner mitochondrial membrane structures.
- Matrix: Fluid interior of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): DNA found within the mitochondrial matrix.
- Vesicles: Small membrane-bound sacs for transporting materials.
- Lysosomes: Specialized vesicles containing digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.
- Cytoskeleton: Network of fibers maintaining cell shape and function.
- Microfilaments: Contractile actin fibres for cell movement and division.
- Microtubules: Tubular structures forming cell scaffolding and guiding organelle movement. They make up spindle fibres too.
- Intermediate fibers: Provide mechanical strength to cells.
- Centrioles: Cytoskeletal components, often composed of microtubules.
- Secretion: Process of producing and releasing substances from a cell.
-
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Network of membranes containing flattened sacs called cisternae.
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes and transports proteins.
- Smooth ER: Involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, composed of RNA.
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for secretion.
- Magnification: How many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed.
- Resolution: The ability to see individual objects as separate entities.
Plant Cells
- Tonoplast: Membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells.
- Cell wall: Strong, flexible layer external to the cell membrane in some cells.
- Vacuole: Membrane-bound sac storing materials.
- Chloroplast: Organelles carrying out photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll.
- Stroma: Fluid inside chloroplasts, where synthesis of organic molecules happens.
- Granum: Stacks of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts; sites of light-dependent reactions.
- Endosymbiosis: A theory explaining eukaryotic evolution, proposing that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic cells
Chemical Components and Bonds
- Elements: Substances composed of one type of atom.
- Ion: Atom or group of atoms with a net electrical charge.
- Polymers: Large molecules composed of repeating smaller units (monomers).
- Monomers: Individual units forming polymers.
- Covalent bonding: Strong bond formed by shared electrons.
- Ionic bonding: Bond formed by electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Polar molecules: Molecules with an uneven charge distribution.
- Capillary action: Phenomenon where water moves against gravity in narrow tubes.
- Carbohydrates: Organic compounds (Cx(H2O)y).
- Monosaccharide: Simple sugar molecule.
- Polysaccharide: Polymer made of many sugar monomers.
- Glucose: A common six-carbon monosaccharide.
- Hexose Monosaccharide: A six-carbon sugar monomer.
- Glycosidic bond: Covalent bond joining monosaccharides.
- Condensation reaction: Reaction forming a larger molecule and releasing water.
- Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides linked.
- Sucrose: Disaccharide formed from fructose and glucose.
- Lactose: Disaccharide formed from galactose and glucose.
- Pentose monosaccharide: Five-carbon sugar monomer.
- Ribose: Pentose monosaccharide in RNA.
- Starch: Polysaccharide energy store in plants (amylose and amylopectin).
- Glycogen: Branched polysaccharide energy store in animals.
- Hydrolysis reaction: Breakdown of a molecule using water.
- Cellulose: Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Beta glucose joined in a different orientation to starch.
- Reducing sugars: Sugars capable of donating electrons.
- Benedict's reagent: Chemical test for reducing sugars.
- Iodine test: Chemical test for starch.
- Colorimetry: Using a spectrophotometer to measure light absorption.
- Maltose: Two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond
- Beta pleated sheet: Sheet-like secondary structure of proteins.
Lipids
- Lipids: Nonpolar macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Triglyceride: Lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Glycerol: Alcohol component of triglycerides.
- Fatty acids: Carboxylic acids component of triglycerides.
- Saturated: Fatty acids with only single bonds.
- Unsaturated: Fatty acids with double or triple bonds.
- Phospholipids: Modified triglycerides with a phosphate group.
- Hydrophobic: Repelled by water.
- Hydrophilic: Attracted to water.
- Surfactants: Compounds lowering water surface tension.
- Sterols: Lipids with ring structures, like cholesterol.
- Cholesterol: Important sterol in animal cells.
- Emulsion test: Laboratory test for lipids.
Proteins
- Peptides: Chains of two or more amino acids.
- Amino acid: Building block of proteins; contains an amino group and a carboxyl group.
- Proteins: One or more polypeptides.
- R-group: Variable side chain of amino acids.
- Peptide bond: Covalent bond connecting amino acids.
- Polypeptide: Chain of three or more amino acids.
- Haem: Non-protein group in certain proteins, like hemoglobin.
- Globular proteins: Proteins with a roughly spherical shape.
- Insulin: Hormone protein.
- Prosthetic group: Non-protein component of a conjugated protein.
- Tertiary structure: Further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups.
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Description
Explore various microscopy techniques used in biology, including light and electron microscopes. This quiz covers essential concepts such as differential staining, counterstaining, and imaging artifacts. Enhance your understanding of how these tools contribute to cell structure analysis.
