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Questions and Answers
What is the name given to the instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
What is the name given to the instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
Light microscope
What type of light microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
What type of light microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
Compound light microscope
What is the application of a second stain with a contrasting colour to a sample for microscopy called?
What is the application of a second stain with a contrasting colour to a sample for microscopy called?
Counterstain
What type of microscopy utilizes a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen?
What type of microscopy utilizes a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen?
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What is the term for features that can be seen by using an electron microscope?
What is the term for features that can be seen by using an electron microscope?
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What are objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of the specimen called?
What are objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of the specimen called?
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What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through a specimen?
What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through a specimen?
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What type of electron microscope sends a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen?
What type of electron microscope sends a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen?
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Which microscope uses fluorescence and a pinhole aperture to produce high resolution images?
Which microscope uses fluorescence and a pinhole aperture to produce high resolution images?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of microscope?
Which of the following is NOT a type of microscope?
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What is the name given to cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles?
What is the name given to cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles?
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What is the name given to cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?
What is the name given to cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?
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What is the term used to describe how many times larger the image is than the actual object?
What is the term used to describe how many times larger the image is than the actual object?
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What is the ability to see individual objects as separate entities called?
What is the ability to see individual objects as separate entities called?
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What is the internal fluid of cells composed of cytosol, organelles, and the cytoskeleton called?
What is the internal fluid of cells composed of cytosol, organelles, and the cytoskeleton called?
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What is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
What is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
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What are membrane-bound compartments within eukaryotic cells with specific functions?
What are membrane-bound compartments within eukaryotic cells with specific functions?
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What is the part of the cell that contains DNA and RNA, responsible for growth and reproduction?
What is the part of the cell that contains DNA and RNA, responsible for growth and reproduction?
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What are the proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
What are the proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
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What is the name for the uncondensed form of DNA in a complex with histones?
What is the name for the uncondensed form of DNA in a complex with histones?
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What are the structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called, that become visible during cell division?
What are the structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called, that become visible during cell division?
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What is the organelle responsible for respiration and energy production in cells?
What is the organelle responsible for respiration and energy production in cells?
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What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondria's inner membrane called?
What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondria's inner membrane called?
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What is the fluid interior within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
What is the fluid interior within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
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What is the name given to the DNA present within the matrix of the mitochondria?
What is the name given to the DNA present within the matrix of the mitochondria?
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What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
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What are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for waste breakdown called?
What are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for waste breakdown called?
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What is the network of fibers within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
What is the network of fibers within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
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What are contractile protein actin fibers responsible for cell movement and contraction called?
What are contractile protein actin fibers responsible for cell movement and contraction called?
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What are tubes that provide structural support, determine cell shape, and act as tracks for organelle and vesicle movement?
What are tubes that provide structural support, determine cell shape, and act as tracks for organelle and vesicle movement?
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What are the fibers that provide mechanical strength and maintain cell integrity called?
What are the fibers that provide mechanical strength and maintain cell integrity called?
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What is the component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of microtubules, called?
What is the component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of microtubules, called?
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What is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function or excretion called?
What is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function or excretion called?
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What is the name given to the network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae?
What is the name given to the network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for protein synthesis and transport?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for protein synthesis and transport?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
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What are the cellular structures made of RNA molecules responsible for protein synthesis?
What are the cellular structures made of RNA molecules responsible for protein synthesis?
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What is the organelle formed from interconnected flattened sacs called cisternae, which modifies and packages proteins into vesicles?
What is the organelle formed from interconnected flattened sacs called cisternae, which modifies and packages proteins into vesicles?
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What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
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What is the strong but flexible layer surrounding certain cell types called?
What is the strong but flexible layer surrounding certain cell types called?
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What are membranous sacs used for transporting materials within the cell?
What are membranous sacs used for transporting materials within the cell?
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What are the organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis?
What are the organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis?
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What is the fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in organic molecule synthesis?
What is the fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in organic molecule synthesis?
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What is the structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of thylakoids, containing chlorophyll pigments where light reactions occur?
What is the structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of thylakoids, containing chlorophyll pigments where light reactions occur?
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What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells called?
What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells called?
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What is a molecule composed of one kind of atom that cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions?
What is a molecule composed of one kind of atom that cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions?
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What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms where the number of electrons differs from the number of protons?
What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms where the number of electrons differs from the number of protons?
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What are long-chain molecules composed of multiple bonded individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern?
What are long-chain molecules composed of multiple bonded individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern?
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What are the individual molecules that make up a polymer?
What are the individual molecules that make up a polymer?
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What is the type of strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of bonded atoms called?
What is the type of strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of bonded atoms called?
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What is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
What is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
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What type of molecule has an overall dipole due to uneven distribution of electron density?
What type of molecule has an overall dipole due to uneven distribution of electron density?
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What is the process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upwards through narrow tubes called?
What is the process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upwards through narrow tubes called?
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What is the name given to organic polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the ratio Cx(H2O)y called?
What is the name given to organic polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the ratio Cx(H2O)y called?
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What is a single sugar molecule called?
What is a single sugar molecule called?
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What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
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What is the monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6, one of the main products of photosynthesis?
What is the monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6, one of the main products of photosynthesis?
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What is the name given to a monosaccharide composed of six carbons?
What is the name given to a monosaccharide composed of six carbons?
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What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
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What type of reaction occurs between two molecules, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule?
What type of reaction occurs between two molecules, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule?
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What is the disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond?
What is the disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond?
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What is the name given to a molecule comprising two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond?
What is the name given to a molecule comprising two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond?
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What is the disaccharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharide?
What is the disaccharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharide?
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What is the disaccharide composed of a galactose and glucose monosaccharide?
What is the disaccharide composed of a galactose and glucose monosaccharide?
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What is the pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules?
What is the pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules?
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What is the polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules, either joined to form amylose or amylopectin?
What is the polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules, either joined to form amylose or amylopectin?
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Study Notes
Microscopy Techniques
- Light microscope: Uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects.
- Compound light microscope: Uses two lenses (objective and eyepiece) for magnification.
- Differential staining: Uses various stains to differentiate cell types.
- Counterstain: A second stain with a contrasting color, used for microscopy.
- Electron microscopy: Uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen, producing higher resolution images than light microscopes.
- Ultrastructure: Detailed features of cells visible under electron microscopy.
- Artefacts: Structures or objects appearing in a microscope image due to specimen preparation.
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM): Electrons pass through the specimen to produce an image.
- Scanning electron microscope (SEM): Electrons scan the specimen surface, producing a 3D image of the surface.
- Laser scanning confocal microscope: Uses fluorescence and a pinhole aperture for high-resolution images.
Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic cell: Lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
- Eukaryotic cell: Contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Magnification: The ratio of image size to actual object size.
- Resolution: Ability to distinguish two separate objects as distinct entities.
- Cytoplasm: Internal fluid of cells, containing cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton.
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions within an organism.
- Organelles: Membrane-bound compartments with specific functions in eukaryotic cells.
- Nucleus: Cell's control center, containing DNA and RNA, responsible for growth and reproduction.
- Histones: Proteins that package DNA into chromatin.
- Chromatin: Uncoiled DNA complexed with histones.
- Chromosomes: Condensed, coiled DNA structures visible during cell division.
- Mitochondria: Organelles for respiration and energy production (ATP).
- Cristae: Inward folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Matrix: Fluid-filled space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Mitochondrial DNA: DNA located within the mitochondrial matrix.
- Vesicles: Small membrane sacs for transporting materials within and around the cell.
- Lysosomes: Vesicles containing enzymes for breaking down waste.
- Cytoskeleton: Network of fibres in the cytoplasm providing cell shape and support.
- Microfilaments: Actin fibres involved in cell movement and contraction.
- Microtubules: Hollow tubes forming a scaffold, moving organelles and vesicles.
- Intermediate fibres: Strengthening and supporting the cell structure.
- Centrioles: Composed of microtubules, involved in cell division.
- Secretion: Discharge of substances from cells, glands, or organs.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Network of membranes (cisternae).
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and transport.
- Smooth ER: Involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles.
- Tonoplast: Membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells.
- Cell wall: Rigid outer layer in some cells.
- Vacuole: Membrane-bound sacs for storing materials in cells.
- Chloroplast: Organelles for photosynthesis in plant cells. Contains chlorophyll.
- Stroma: Fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.
- Granum: Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.
- Endosymbiosis: Theory explaining the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
Chemical Components of Cells
- Elements: Pure substance composed of one type of atom.
- Ions: Atoms or groups of atoms with a net electric charge.
- Polymers: Large molecules composed of repeating monomer units.
- Monomers: Individual units that combine to form polymers.
- Covalent bonds: Strong bonds formed by sharing electron pairs.
- Ionic bonds: Strong bonds formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Polar molecules: Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge.
- Capillary action: Movement of water through narrow tubes due to adhesion.
- Carbohydrates: Organic molecules (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen), general formula Cx(H2O)y.
- Monosaccharide: Single sugar unit.
- Polysaccharide: Polymer composed of many monosaccharides.
- Glucose: Common hexose monosaccharide.
- Hexose monosaccharide: Six-carbon sugar.
- Glycosidic bond: Covalent bond linking two monosaccharides.
- Condensation reaction: Formation of a larger molecule with the release of water.
- Maltose: Disaccharide of two glucose units. Disaccharides generally contain two monomers.
- Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
- Sucrose: Disaccharide of glucose and fructose.
- Lactose: Disaccharide of glucose and galactose.
- Pentose monosaccharide: Five-carbon sugar.
- Ribose: Pentose monosaccharide in RNA.
- Starch: Polysaccharide energy storage in plants.
- Beta pleated sheet: Secondary protein structure.
- Glycogen: Polysaccharide energy storage in animals.
- Hydrolysis reaction: Breaking a large molecule into smaller ones by adding water.
- Cellulose: Polysaccharide structural component in plants.
- Reducing sugars: Sugars that can donate electrons.
- Benedict's reagent: Chemical test for reducing sugars.
- Iodine test: Chemical test for starch.
- Colorimetry: Measuring light absorption to determine substance concentration.
- Lipids: Non-polar molecules (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen).
- Macromolecules: Large, complex biological molecules.
- Triglyceride: Lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Glycerol: Alcohol component of triglycerides.
- Fatty acids: Carboxylic acids component of triglycerides.
- Saturated: Fatty acids with single bonds between carbons.
- Unsaturated: Fatty acids with one or more double bonds.
- Phospholipids: Modified triglycerides with a phosphate group.
- Hydrophobic: Water-repelling.
- Hydrophilic: Water-attracting.
- Surfactants: Substances that reduce surface tension.
- Sterols: Lipids with ring structures, cholesterol is a common one.
- Cholesterol: A sterol, important in cell membranes.
- Emulsion test: Laboratory test for lipids.
- Peptides: Short chains of amino acids.
- Amino acid: Building blocks of proteins.
- Proteins: Polymers of amino acids.
- R-group: Side chain that defines the specific property of an amino acid.
- Peptide bond: Covalent bond between amino acids.
- Polypeptide: Long chain of amino acids.
- Haem: Iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin.
- Globular proteins: Proteins with a 3D spherical shape.
- Insulin: Hormone protein crucial in regulating blood sugar.
- Prosthetic group: Non-protein component of a protein.
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Description
Explore various microscopy techniques with this quiz, ranging from light microscopes to electron microscopy. Learn about the principles behind different types of microscopes and their applications in revealing cellular structures. Test your knowledge on staining methods and microscopy artefacts as well.
