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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a microscope's lens?
What is the primary function of a microscope's lens?
- To produce sound for identification
- To illuminate the object being observed
- To support the microscope structure
- To magnify objects for easier viewing (correct)
Which part of the microscope is primarily responsible for supporting the instrument?
Which part of the microscope is primarily responsible for supporting the instrument?
- Base (correct)
- Lens
- Stage
- Arm
Which of the following statements about microscopes is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about microscopes is NOT true?
- They can only observe cells in direct light. (correct)
- They make small objects appear larger.
- They use lenses to bend light.
- They are essential for studying microscopic organisms.
What role does the light source play in microscopy?
What role does the light source play in microscopy?
What does magnification in microscopy primarily depend on?
What does magnification in microscopy primarily depend on?
What is the primary activity occurring during the prophase of mitosis?
What is the primary activity occurring during the prophase of mitosis?
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the center of the cell?
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the center of the cell?
What occurs during anaphase in the process of mitosis?
What occurs during anaphase in the process of mitosis?
What significant structural change happens at the end of telophase?
What significant structural change happens at the end of telophase?
Which statement best describes the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
Which statement best describes the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
What does cytokinesis refer to in the context of mitosis?
What does cytokinesis refer to in the context of mitosis?
During which phase does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear?
During which phase does the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear?
What marks the final state of prophase in mitosis?
What marks the final state of prophase in mitosis?
How is total magnification determined when using a microscope?
How is total magnification determined when using a microscope?
What is the primary function of the revolving nosepiece in a microscope?
What is the primary function of the revolving nosepiece in a microscope?
Why are onion root tips preferred for studying mitosis compared to leaf tips?
Why are onion root tips preferred for studying mitosis compared to leaf tips?
When viewing onion root tips under a microscope, at what magnification is it essential to observe mitotic cells clearly?
When viewing onion root tips under a microscope, at what magnification is it essential to observe mitotic cells clearly?
What characterizes the majority of cells found in actively growing onion root tips?
What characterizes the majority of cells found in actively growing onion root tips?
Which skill is crucial for accurately identifying mitotic stages in onion root tip slides during an exam?
Which skill is crucial for accurately identifying mitotic stages in onion root tip slides during an exam?
What should a student expect when examining a sample slide of Allium cepa root tip?
What should a student expect when examining a sample slide of Allium cepa root tip?
What does the interphase stage of a cell appear as when viewed under a microscope?
What does the interphase stage of a cell appear as when viewed under a microscope?
What is the primary function of the fine adjustment knob?
What is the primary function of the fine adjustment knob?
Which part of the microscope provides support and is used for carrying it?
Which part of the microscope provides support and is used for carrying it?
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a microscope?
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a microscope?
Which objective lens has the highest magnification power?
Which objective lens has the highest magnification power?
Where is the light source located in a microscope?
Where is the light source located in a microscope?
What is the role of the stage clips?
What is the role of the stage clips?
Which part of the microscope is primarily used for initial focusing?
Which part of the microscope is primarily used for initial focusing?
What magnification power do the objectives typically range from?
What magnification power do the objectives typically range from?
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Study Notes
Microscopy
- A microscope is a tool for observing small objects, even cells.
- The lenses bend light to magnify objects.
- The base supports the microscope and contains the light source.
- The fine adjustment knob is used for precise focusing under low power and all focusing under high power.
- The coarse adjustment knob is used for rapid focusing by moving the objective lens or stage.
- The stage holds the specimen for viewing.
- The arm supports the microscope head and is used for carrying it.
- The ocular lens (eyepiece) is the part you look through and has its own magnification.
- The light source illuminates the specimen.
- The diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.
- Stage clips hold the slide in place.
- Objectives are the main lenses that magnify the specimen. They have magnification powers of 40x-100x. Common objectives:
- Scanning (4x)
- Low Power (10x)
- High Power (40x)
- Oil Immersion (100x)
- Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens.
- The revolving nosepiece holds and rotates the objective lenses.
- The body tube (head) contains the optical parts of the microscope.
Mitosis (Onion Root Tip)
- Onion root tips are a good material for studying mitosis because the meristematic cells at the root tip are actively dividing.
- It's important to use 400x magnification to clearly see the different stages of mitosis.
- Interphase: Cells in interphase may appear as a dark mass or a simple big black dot/circle under older microscopes.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and thicken, the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, and spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromatids reach the poles, spindle fibers disappear, the nuclear membrane reforms, and cytokinesis may occur.
Phases of Mitosis: A Simple Recall
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromatids reach the poles, spindle fibers disappear, the nuclear membrane reforms, and cytokinesis may occur.
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