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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of using staining in microscopy?
What is the primary purpose of using staining in microscopy?
Which of the following units is appropriate for measuring viruses?
Which of the following units is appropriate for measuring viruses?
Which principle of microscopy is defined as the ability to distinguish two points that are close together?
Which principle of microscopy is defined as the ability to distinguish two points that are close together?
What type of microscopy uses a dye to fluoresce specimens under UV light?
What type of microscopy uses a dye to fluoresce specimens under UV light?
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Which process is NOT a part of specimen fixing before staining?
Which process is NOT a part of specimen fixing before staining?
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Which classification method is NOT used to identify microorganisms?
Which classification method is NOT used to identify microorganisms?
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What results from the refraction of light passing through a lens in microscopy?
What results from the refraction of light passing through a lens in microscopy?
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Which staining technique is used to differentiate between different types of cells?
Which staining technique is used to differentiate between different types of cells?
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What is a key characteristic used to identify protozoa, fungi, algae, and parasitic worms?
What is a key characteristic used to identify protozoa, fungi, algae, and parasitic worms?
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Which test distinguishes microorganisms based on their ability to utilize or produce specific chemicals?
Which test distinguishes microorganisms based on their ability to utilize or produce specific chemicals?
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What type of tests analyze antigen-antibody reactions for microorganism identification?
What type of tests analyze antigen-antibody reactions for microorganism identification?
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Which bacterial strain is identified by its serological test indicating O157 and H7 antigens?
Which bacterial strain is identified by its serological test indicating O157 and H7 antigens?
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What type of viruses are used to identify bacterial strains in phage typing?
What type of viruses are used to identify bacterial strains in phage typing?
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What is the G + C content used for in prokaryotic taxonomy?
What is the G + C content used for in prokaryotic taxonomy?
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What color change indicates the production of acid in a CHO utilization test?
What color change indicates the production of acid in a CHO utilization test?
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Which method would most likely provide a rapid identification of bacteria?
Which method would most likely provide a rapid identification of bacteria?
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What is the primary function of acidic dyes in staining?
What is the primary function of acidic dyes in staining?
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Which of the following is true about basic dyes?
Which of the following is true about basic dyes?
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Which step is NOT part of the Gram staining procedure?
Which step is NOT part of the Gram staining procedure?
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What distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria in the Gram stain process?
What distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria in the Gram stain process?
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Which type of staining uses more than one dye to distinguish between different cells or structures?
Which type of staining uses more than one dye to distinguish between different cells or structures?
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How do non-acid-fast cells react after exposure to an acid wash in the acid-fast staining method?
How do non-acid-fast cells react after exposure to an acid wash in the acid-fast staining method?
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What is the purpose of using the Ziehl-Neelsen method in staining?
What is the purpose of using the Ziehl-Neelsen method in staining?
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Which of the following is a structural stain used to identify specific microbial structures?
Which of the following is a structural stain used to identify specific microbial structures?
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Which staining technique is commonly used for detecting the presence of fungi in tissue specimens?
Which staining technique is commonly used for detecting the presence of fungi in tissue specimens?
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What characteristic is typical of basic dyes?
What characteristic is typical of basic dyes?
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Flashcards
Microscopy
Microscopy
The use of light or electrons to magnify objects.
Wavelength of Radiation
Wavelength of Radiation
The distance between peaks in a wave, important for image clarity.
Resolution
Resolution
Ability to distinguish two close points; higher resolution means clearer images.
Contrast
Contrast
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Millimeter (mm)
Millimeter (mm)
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Micrometer (μm)
Micrometer (μm)
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Nanometer (nm)
Nanometer (nm)
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Staining
Staining
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Control Histology Slides
Control Histology Slides
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Biochemical Tests
Biochemical Tests
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Serological Tests
Serological Tests
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Phage Typing
Phage Typing
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Physical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
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Automated MicroScan System
Automated MicroScan System
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Analysis of Nucleic Acids
Analysis of Nucleic Acids
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Agglutination Test
Agglutination Test
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Heat Fixation
Heat Fixation
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Chromophore
Chromophore
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Acidic Dyes
Acidic Dyes
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Basic Dyes
Basic Dyes
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Simple Stains
Simple Stains
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Differential Stains
Differential Stains
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Gram Stain
Gram Stain
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Acid-Fast Stains
Acid-Fast Stains
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Ziehl-Neelsen Method
Ziehl-Neelsen Method
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Histological Stains
Histological Stains
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Study Notes
Microscopy
- Microscopy is the use of light or electrons to magnify objects.
- Metric units used in microbiology include: Meter (m), Decimeter (dm), Centimeter (cm), Millimeter (mm), Micrometer (µm), Nanometer (nm). The meter is the standard unit of length, while decimeters are not commonly used in microbiology.
- Microscopy depends on factors such as wavelength of radiation, magnification, resolution, and contrast. Wavelengths in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves) have different resolving powers.
- Magnification of images depends on lens thickness, curvature, and the speed of light.
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish two points that are close together.
- Contrast is the difference in intensity between two objects or objects in their background. Staining increases contrast.
- There are several types of microscopy: bright field, dark field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, confocal, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and probe microscopy (scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)). Each type has different magnifications and uses. For example, TEM has a higher magnification than the compound light microscope with resolutions capable of viewing viruses and subcellular components;
- Figure 4.3 shows a representation of various object sizes under different types of microscopes.
- Figure 4.6 and 4.7 showcase different light microscopy techniques, including bright-field, dark-field, phase-contrast, and differential interference contrast (Nomarski), and fluorescence microscopy. Various other image types are seen.
- Figure 4.8 shows immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunofluorescence is based on using a dye linked to antibodies.
- Figure 4.11 and 4.12 illustrate scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and probe microscopy, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images detailed surface morphologies; Probe microscopy views images at the atomic and molecular level.
- Table 4.2 compares diverse microscopy types, providing information about magnification, typical image appearance, procedures, and representative applications. Microscopes can be categorized as either light microscopes (simple and differential) or electron microscopes (transmission and scanning) or probe microscopes (scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy).
Identifying Microorganisms
- Microorganisms (MO) are identified using staining and classification methods.
- Staining methods include simple stains, differential stains, and special stains. Examples of differential stains include Gram stain (used to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and acid-fast stain (used for staining bacteria with waxy cell walls). Table 4.3 shows the different types of stains and their typical uses.
- Classification methods include physical characteristics, biochemical tests, serological tests, phage typing, and analysis of nucleic acids (such as G + C content).
- Physical characteristics refer to shape, size, and appearance.
- Biochemical tests identify microorganisms based on their ability to utilize certain chemicals or produce specific substances.
- Serological tests determine the presence or absence of antibodies against an antigen to assist in identification.
- Phage typing uses bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to classify bacteria to identify specific bacterial strains.
- Analysis of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) is used to classify microbes and determine their genes.
Staining
- Dyes used in staining are usually salts. The colored portion of the dye is called the chromophore. Types of dyes include acidic and basic dyes. Acidic dyes bind to positively charged molecules, while basic dyes associate with negatively charged materials.
- Simple stains use one dye; differential stains use multiple.
- Preparing specimens for staining includes smearing and fixing the sample.
- For instance, figure 4.13 outlines the procedure when preparing a specimen for staining.
- Figures 4.14 to 4.15, display examples of simple stain techniques.
- Table 4.3 shows important stains used for light microscopy.
Classification/Identification
- Physical characteristics are used to identify microorganisms based on their shape, size, and appearance.
- Biochemical tests determine the ability of microorganisms to utilize or produce specific chemicals.
- Serological tests employ antigen-antibody reactions to identify microorganisms.
- Phage typing uses bacteriophages to classify bacteria.
- Analysis of nucleic acids determines the sequence and content of an organism's DNA (or RNA) to identify them.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of microscopy, including magnification, resolution, and contrast. It covers the use of metric units in microbiology and the different types of microscopy techniques. Test your knowledge and understanding of these essential principles in microbiological studies.
