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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
- Storing fat and repairing damaged tissues
- Transporting nutrients and wastes
- Support and protection of organs and cells
- Providing protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration (correct)
What is the main difference between a tissue and an organ?
What is the main difference between a tissue and an organ?
- A tissue is composed of two or more cell types, while an organ is composed of only one cell type
- A tissue has a specific function, while an organ is a structural unit
- A tissue is found only on the surface of the body, while an organ is found internally
- A tissue is a group of cells, while an organ is a group of tissues (correct)
What is a characteristic of connective tissue?
What is a characteristic of connective tissue?
- It is found only in the skin
- It is composed of only one cell type
- It is used for support and protection of organs and cells (correct)
- It provides protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration
How many divisions of muscular tissue are there?
How many divisions of muscular tissue are there?
What type of microscopy provides high-resolution images of intracellular structures and organelles?
What type of microscopy provides high-resolution images of intracellular structures and organelles?
What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
In which organs can epithelial tissue be found?
In which organs can epithelial tissue be found?
What is the main function of serous membranes in the body?
What is the main function of serous membranes in the body?
What is the term for the potential space between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs?
What is the term for the potential space between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs?
Which of the following organs is fully encased by a serous membrane?
Which of the following organs is fully encased by a serous membrane?
What is the term for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels?
What is the term for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the serous membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the serous membrane?
What is the term for organs that are not fully encased by a serous membrane?
What is the term for organs that are not fully encased by a serous membrane?
What is the origin of serous membranes in embryonic development?
What is the origin of serous membranes in embryonic development?
What is the primary function of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the primary function of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the term for the areas where two surface membranes meet with a thin fluid-filled gap?
What is the term for the areas where two surface membranes meet with a thin fluid-filled gap?
During gastrulation, what leads to the formation of internal organs with their distinct left-right arrangements?
During gastrulation, what leads to the formation of internal organs with their distinct left-right arrangements?
What is the term for the segments of the external body that are connected to specific nerves?
What is the term for the segments of the external body that are connected to specific nerves?
What is the term for the structures that emerge during embryonic development and eventually form the heart?
What is the term for the structures that emerge during embryonic development and eventually form the heart?
What is the term for the molecules and genes that are not equally active on both sides of the primitive streak during gastrulation?
What is the term for the molecules and genes that are not equally active on both sides of the primitive streak during gastrulation?
What is the primary characteristic of adenocarcinoma?
What is the primary characteristic of adenocarcinoma?
Which of the following is a function of the skin?
Which of the following is a function of the skin?
What is the origin of the epidermis?
What is the origin of the epidermis?
What is the main function of the hypodermis?
What is the main function of the hypodermis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the dermis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the dermis?
What is the function of Langerhans cells in the epidermis?
What is the function of Langerhans cells in the epidermis?
Which of the following organs has both exocrine and endocrine functions?
Which of the following organs has both exocrine and endocrine functions?
What is the function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
What is the function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
Which type of cell is responsible for receiving the sensation of touch?
Which type of cell is responsible for receiving the sensation of touch?
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
What is the characteristic of the epidermis?
What is the characteristic of the epidermis?
Which type of burn is also known as full thickness?
Which type of burn is also known as full thickness?
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the composition of nails?
What is the composition of nails?
What type of junction is found in the epidermis?
What type of junction is found in the epidermis?
What is the location of basal cells in the epidermis?
What is the location of basal cells in the epidermis?
What is the main function of the epithelial layer that forms the outer layer of the skin?
What is the main function of the epithelial layer that forms the outer layer of the skin?
Which type of epithelium allows tissue to expand and contract in response to fluid pressure?
Which type of epithelium allows tissue to expand and contract in response to fluid pressure?
What is the term for the epithelial layer that lines a body surface or cavity?
What is the term for the epithelial layer that lines a body surface or cavity?
What is the function of epithelial tissue that forms the lining of the urinary bladder?
What is the function of epithelial tissue that forms the lining of the urinary bladder?
What is the term for the outer layer of the skin formed by keratinized epithelium?
What is the term for the outer layer of the skin formed by keratinized epithelium?
Which type of epithelium is characterized by cells that appear to be layered, but are not truly stratified?
Which type of epithelium is characterized by cells that appear to be layered, but are not truly stratified?
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Study Notes
Microscopy
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals cell surface details
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides high-resolution images of intracellular structures and organelles
Tissue Organization
- Cell → Tissue → Organ → System
- Tissue: a collection of cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
- Organ: two or more tissues combined to create a structural unit that has a particular function
Types of Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surface, forms lining for internal cavities
- Provides protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration
- Contains basement membrane
- Found in liver, kidney, skin, lung
Connective Tissue
- Used for support and protection of organs and cells
- Transports nutrients and wastes, defends against pathogens, stores fat, and repairs damaged tissues
- Examples: cartilage, bone, blood, tendon, ligament
Muscular Tissue
- Has three divisions
Serous Membranes
- Formed from mesoderm
- Lines body wall and covers internal organs
- Acts as a lubricant to reduce friction from muscle movement
- Has three parts: visceral membrane, parietal membrane, and cavity
Specific Serous Membranes
Peritoneum
- A serous membrane that encases organs
- Intraperitoneal organs are fully encased by serous membrane
Pericardium
- A fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels
Retroperitoneal
- Organs are not fully encased by serous membrane
Pleural Cavity
- The space between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs
- Contains a small amount of liquid known as pleural fluid, which provides lubrication during respiration
Pericardial Cavity
- Plays a critical role in protecting and supporting the heart
Body Organization
- The human body is symmetrical externally but asymmetrical internally
- External body is organized into segments called dermatomes, which come from somites
- Each dermatome is connected to a specific nerve
- Left-right differences occur due to uneven activity of molecules and genes during gastrulation
Potential Spaces
- Small spaces that have the potential to expand
- Not rigid
- Technical definition: areas where two surface membranes meet with a thin fluid-filled gap
- Examples: serous membranes, fascia planes, and collapsible tubes/spaces
Epithelia
- Epithelia is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
- Nearly all substances received or given off by the body must pass through an epithelium layer
- Types of epithelia include keratinized, pseudostratified, and transitional epithelium
Keratinized Epithelium
- Forms the outer layer of the skin
- Protects underlying layers
Pseudostratified Epithelium
- No additional information provided
Transitional Epithelium
- Allows tissue to expand and contract in response to fluid pressure
- Found in the inner walls of the urinary bladder, allowing it to expand when filling with urine
Skin
- The skin is the largest organ of the body
- Acts as a physical barrier, protecting against infection, physical damage, and chemical damage
- Regulates touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Layers of the Skin
- Epidermis:
- Derived from ectoderm
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Contains keratinocytes (protective shields) and Langerhans cells
- 4 layers: horny layer (stratum corneum), granular layer, spinous layer, and basal layer
- Dermis:
- Dense connective tissue derived from mesoderm
- Contains fibroblasts, collagen, blood, mast cells, receptors, and nerves
- Provides flexibility and strength to the skin
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue):
- Main blood supply for the rest of the skin
- Provides insulation
Skin Appendages
- Hair:
- Used for thermal regulation and display
- Associated with arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands
- Nails:
- Provide physical protection
- Composed of hard layers of keratin
- Sweat glands:
- Eccrine and apocrine glands
- Help regulate body temperature
Burns
- First and second degree burns:
- Partial thickness burns, not affecting all skin layers
- Example: sunburn
- Third degree burns:
- Full thickness burns, affecting all skin layers and some underlying tissues
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