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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of fixation in microbiological slide preparation?
What is the primary purpose of fixation in microbiological slide preparation?
- To kill the specimen, attach it to the slide, and preserve its shape and size. (correct)
- To dilute the sample for easier handling.
- To stain the specimen for enhanced visibility.
- To increase the cells' motility for better observation.
Heat fixation involves applying a chemical, such as methyl alcohol, to the slide for one minute.
Heat fixation involves applying a chemical, such as methyl alcohol, to the slide for one minute.
False (B)
A dye has a colored portion is known as?
A dye has a colored portion is known as?
chromophore
Basic dyes have ______ chromophores and stain acidic structures.
Basic dyes have ______ chromophores and stain acidic structures.
Match the type of dye with the cellular structure it would best stain:
Match the type of dye with the cellular structure it would best stain:
If an object measures 2 centimeters, what is its equivalent measurement in micrometers?
If an object measures 2 centimeters, what is its equivalent measurement in micrometers?
The difference between 1 meter and 1 micrometer is a million-fold.
The difference between 1 meter and 1 micrometer is a million-fold.
List three general principles involved in microscopy.
List three general principles involved in microscopy.
One liter is equivalent to 1,000,000 ______.
One liter is equivalent to 1,000,000 ______.
Match the following units of measurement with their equivalent values relative to a meter:
Match the following units of measurement with their equivalent values relative to a meter:
If a cellular structure measures 2 micrometers in diameter, what is its equivalent measurement in nanometers?
If a cellular structure measures 2 micrometers in diameter, what is its equivalent measurement in nanometers?
Increasing the magnification of a microscope will always result in a clearer, more detailed image.
Increasing the magnification of a microscope will always result in a clearer, more detailed image.
What two factors most significantly determine the resolving power of a microscope?
What two factors most significantly determine the resolving power of a microscope?
In microscopy, the process of applying dyes to a specimen to increase the distinction between different structures is called ______.
In microscopy, the process of applying dyes to a specimen to increase the distinction between different structures is called ______.
Match the following types of microscopy with their primary characteristics:
Match the following types of microscopy with their primary characteristics:
Which type of microscopy is best suited for observing the detailed surface features of a virus?
Which type of microscopy is best suited for observing the detailed surface features of a virus?
Heat fixation is essential for all types of staining procedures in microscopy.
Heat fixation is essential for all types of staining procedures in microscopy.
Why is assigning species designations to microorganisms more challenging than for plants or animals?
Why is assigning species designations to microorganisms more challenging than for plants or animals?
In a Gram stain, what colors would you expect to see for endospores and vegetative cells when using malachite green?
In a Gram stain, what colors would you expect to see for endospores and vegetative cells when using malachite green?
What is the function of Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) stain in histology?
What is the function of Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) stain in histology?
In Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, which dye is acidic and what color does it impart?
In Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, which dye is acidic and what color does it impart?
Negative stains bind directly to bacterial capsules, coloring them.
Negative stains bind directly to bacterial capsules, coloring them.
Why are acidic dyes often used in negative staining?
Why are acidic dyes often used in negative staining?
In electron microscopy, stains contain atoms of heavy metals, such as lead, osmium, ________, or uranium, which absorb electrons.
In electron microscopy, stains contain atoms of heavy metals, such as lead, osmium, ________, or uranium, which absorb electrons.
Why are samples coated instead of stained in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)?
Why are samples coated instead of stained in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)?
What is taxonomy?
What is taxonomy?
Which of the following is NOT a domain used to classify organisms, as determined by Carl Woese and George Fox's sequencing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Which of the following is NOT a domain used to classify organisms, as determined by Carl Woese and George Fox's sequencing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Multiple strains of microorganisms can belong to the same species.
Multiple strains of microorganisms can belong to the same species.
What physical characteristic is determined by staining?
What physical characteristic is determined by staining?
Bacteria that are rod-shaped are referred to as ______.
Bacteria that are rod-shaped are referred to as ______.
Match the bacterial arrangement with its correct description:
Match the bacterial arrangement with its correct description:
Which type of microbial identification relies on the ability of a microbe to utilize specific chemical compounds?
Which type of microbial identification relies on the ability of a microbe to utilize specific chemical compounds?
Macroscopic examination is not useful when observing physical characteristics.
Macroscopic examination is not useful when observing physical characteristics.
Which of the following is a potential outcome assessed during biochemical testing of a microorganism?
Which of the following is a potential outcome assessed during biochemical testing of a microorganism?
Which of the following best describes the role of antibodies in serological tests?
Which of the following best describes the role of antibodies in serological tests?
Phage typing is a method used to identify bacteria based on their susceptibility to specific antibiotics.
Phage typing is a method used to identify bacteria based on their susceptibility to specific antibiotics.
What is the visible indicator of a successful phage typing test, demonstrating that a particular bacteriophage has infected and lysed the bacteria?
What is the visible indicator of a successful phage typing test, demonstrating that a particular bacteriophage has infected and lysed the bacteria?
In an agglutination test, the clumping together of antigens due to the presence of antibodies is called ______.
In an agglutination test, the clumping together of antigens due to the presence of antibodies is called ______.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What is the primary purpose of phage typing?
What is the primary purpose of phage typing?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
Serum contains clotting factors necessary for blood coagulation.
Serum contains clotting factors necessary for blood coagulation.
Flashcards
Microliter (µl)
Microliter (µl)
A unit of volume equal to one-millionth of a liter (1 L = 1,000,000 µl).
Millimeter (mm)
Millimeter (mm)
A unit of length in the metric system, equal to one-thousandth of a meter.
Centimeter (cm)
Centimeter (cm)
A unit of length equal to one-hundredth of a meter (100 cm = 1 m).
Microscopy
Microscopy
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Resolving power
Resolving power
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Smear
Smear
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Fixation
Fixation
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Heat fixation
Heat fixation
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Basic Dyes
Basic Dyes
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Chromophore
Chromophore
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Primary metric units for microbes
Primary metric units for microbes
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Order of metric units of length
Order of metric units of length
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Definition of microscopy
Definition of microscopy
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Empty magnification
Empty magnification
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Factors determining resolving power
Factors determining resolving power
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Difference between simple and compound microscopes
Difference between simple and compound microscopes
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Taxonomy purpose
Taxonomy purpose
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Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
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Malachite green
Malachite green
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Negative stain
Negative stain
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H&E Stain
H&E Stain
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Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain
Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy
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Electron Microscopy Stains
Electron Microscopy Stains
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Hematoxylin
Hematoxylin
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Eosin
Eosin
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Three domains of life
Three domains of life
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Physical characteristics
Physical characteristics
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Bacterial shapes
Bacterial shapes
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Common arrangements of bacteria
Common arrangements of bacteria
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Biochemical tests
Biochemical tests
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Serological tests
Serological tests
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Phage typing
Phage typing
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Analysis of nucleic acids
Analysis of nucleic acids
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Serology
Serology
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Antigen
Antigen
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Antibody
Antibody
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Agglutination test
Agglutination test
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Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage
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Plaque
Plaque
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Immune response
Immune response
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Study Notes
Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
- Microscopy is the use of light or electrons to magnify objects.
- General principles of microscopy include wavelength of radiation, magnification, resolving power, and contrast of the specimen.
- Wavelength of light is the distance between two corresponding waves. Lower wavelengths increase resolution.
- Resolution is the minimum distance that two points can be distinguished. Smaller distance = greater resolving power.
- Numerical aperture (NA) is a measure of a lens' ability to gather light. Larger values mean better resolution.
- The Abbe equation relates resolution, wavelength, and numerical aperture.
- Immersion oil increases resolving power by preventing light refraction between the glass-air interface.
- Contrast is the difference in brightness between the light and dark portions of an image. Stains are used to increase contrast.
- Simple stains use a single dye for contrast in a specimen.
- Differential stains use multiple dyes to distinguish between structures or cells.
- Examples of differential stains include Gram stain, acid-fast stain, endospore stain, Gomori methenamine silver, and hematoxylin and eosin stains.
- Techniques to prepare specimens for staining include smearing, heat fixation, and chemical fixation.
- Dyes are salts of a cation and anion. One of these ions is coloured, which is called a chromophore.
- Basic dyes stain acidic structures best in basic conditions, while acidic dyes stain alkaline structures best in acidic conditions.
- pH affects the ability of a dye to work because it changes the protonation status of ionizable groups.
- Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light, and have very high magnification. -Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses thin slices of specimens and creates 2D images. -Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) scans the surface of the specimen and creates 3D images.
- Probe microscopes like Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) utilize extremely small probes and provide very high levels of magnification.
Learning Outcomes (Chapter 4)
- Identify primary metric units (micrometers and nanometers) for measuring microbes.
- List metric units (meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer, nanometer).
- Convert between different metric units.
- Define microscopy.
- Explain the relevance of electromagnetic radiation to microscopy.
- Define empty magnification.
- List and explain factors determining resolving power.
- Discuss the relationship between contrast and staining in microscopy.
- Describe the difference between simple and compound microscopes.
- Compare/contrast microscopy techniques (bright-field, dark-field, phase, fluorescence, confocal).
- Describe variations of probe microscopes.
- Explain the purpose of specimen preparation methods (smears, fixation).
- Describe the uses of acidic/basic dyes, mentioning ionic bonding and pH.
- Describe the simple, Gram, acid-fast, endospore, Gomori methenamine silver, and hematoxylin and eosin stains along with negative capsule procedures.
- Explain differences in stains used for electron microscopy compared to light microscopy.
- Discuss the purpose of taxonomy.
- Discuss the difficulties in defining species within microorganisms.
- List the hierarchy of taxa (general to specific).
- Define binomial nomenclature.
- Describe modifications of the Linnaean system of taxonomy.
- List and describe the three domains proposed by Woese & Fox (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya).
- Describe procedures taxonomists use to identify/classify microorganisms.
- Describe common shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells.
- Use a dichotomous key to identify microorganisms.
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Description
This quiz covers the principles and techniques of microscopy, including fixation and staining. It tests knowledge of dye types, unit conversions, and factors affecting resolving power. Topics include microbiological slide preparation and measurement in micrometers and nanometers.
