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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of centrifuging a urine sample at relatively low speed?
What is the purpose of centrifuging a urine sample at relatively low speed?
- To dissolve the sediment in the urine
- To reduce the volume of the urine sample
- To concentrate the red blood cells in the urine
- To separate the sediment from the supernatant (correct)
What is the significance of finding abnormal numbers of red blood cells in urine?
What is the significance of finding abnormal numbers of red blood cells in urine?
- It indicates contamination from the vagina in menstruating women
- It is a result of physical stress or urinary tract infections
- It could be due to urinary tract stones or nephrotoxins
- It may indicate glomerular damage or kidney trauma (correct)
Where are urinary casts formed?
Where are urinary casts formed?
- In the proximal convoluted tubule
- In the glomerulus
- In the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) or collecting duct (correct)
- In the loop of Henle
What can the presence of pus cells (wbc) in urine suggest?
What can the presence of pus cells (wbc) in urine suggest?
What is used to cover slip a drop of resuspended sediment on a glass slide?
What is used to cover slip a drop of resuspended sediment on a glass slide?
What is the recommended volume left inside the test tube after decanting the supernatant?
What is the recommended volume left inside the test tube after decanting the supernatant?
What is the primary composition of hyaline casts?
What is the primary composition of hyaline casts?
In which condition are RBC casts formed?
In which condition are RBC casts formed?
Where are WBC casts commonly seen?
Where are WBC casts commonly seen?
What is the most common reason for mucus to appear in urine?
What is the most common reason for mucus to appear in urine?
What causes the appearance of sperm or spermatozoa in urine?
What causes the appearance of sperm or spermatozoa in urine?
Why are bacteria common in urine specimens?
Why are bacteria common in urine specimens?
Which organism is often difficult to distinguish from red blood cells and amorphous crystals in urine specimens?
Which organism is often difficult to distinguish from red blood cells and amorphous crystals in urine specimens?
What are common crystals seen in healthy patients?
What are common crystals seen in healthy patients?
Which condition is associated with the presence of granular and waxy casts in urine?
Which condition is associated with the presence of granular and waxy casts in urine?
Which parasite is included in urine specimens?
Which parasite is included in urine specimens?
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Study Notes
Centrifugation and Urine Analysis
- Centrifuging a urine sample at a relatively low speed helps to preserve formed elements like casts and cells.
Urine Sediment Analysis
- Abnormal numbers of red blood cells in urine indicate bleeding or inflammation in the urinary tract.
- Urinary casts are formed in the kidney tubules.
Cells in Urine
- The presence of pus cells (WBC) in urine suggests urinary tract infection (UTI).
- WBC casts are commonly seen in pyelonephritis, an infection of the kidney.
Preparing Urine Samples
- A drop of resuspended sediment is covered with a coverslip on a glass slide.
Urine Casts
- Hyaline casts are primarily composed of Tamm-Horsfall protein.
- RBC casts are formed in cases of glomerulonephritis.
- Granular and waxy casts are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Mucus and Sperm in Urine
- Mucus in urine is most commonly due to contamination from the genital tract.
- Sperm or spermatozoa in urine are often due to retrograde ejaculation.
Bacteria and Parasites in Urine
- Bacteria are common in urine specimens due to contamination during collection.
- The parasitic infection, Trichomonas, is sometimes detected in urine specimens.
- Yeast cells are often difficult to distinguish from red blood cells and amorphous crystals in urine specimens.
Crystals in Urine
- Common crystals seen in healthy patients include oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid crystals.
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