Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the dominant tissue in the heart and in the walls of other hollow organs?
What is the dominant tissue in the heart and in the walls of other hollow organs?
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue (correct)
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
What distinguishes muscles from other tissues?
What distinguishes muscles from other tissues?
- Ability to produce hormones
- Ability to conduct electrical impulses
- Ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy (correct)
- Ability to store and release energy
Where does cardiac muscle tissue occur?
Where does cardiac muscle tissue occur?
- In both smooth and skeletal muscles
- Only in the walls of other hollow organs
- Only in the heart (correct)
- In both the heart and skeletal muscles
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What type of muscle is not striated and is also not subject to voluntary control?
What type of muscle is not striated and is also not subject to voluntary control?
Where is smooth muscle found?
Where is smooth muscle found?
What type of muscle cells are striated and involuntary?
What type of muscle cells are striated and involuntary?
Which muscle type contracts at a steady rate but can speed up with neural controls?
Which muscle type contracts at a steady rate but can speed up with neural controls?
What is the function of smooth muscle?
What is the function of smooth muscle?
What surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
What surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called?
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called?
What controls the activity of skeletal muscle fibers?
What controls the activity of skeletal muscle fibers?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What transmits the pulling force from muscle fibers to the bone to be moved?
What transmits the pulling force from muscle fibers to the bone to be moved?
Where do most skeletal muscles attach to bones?
Where do most skeletal muscles attach to bones?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle?
What are tendons mostly composed of?
What are tendons mostly composed of?
What is a muscle fiber?
What is a muscle fiber?
What are myofibrils?
What are myofibrils?
What is a sarcomere?
What is a sarcomere?
What produces muscle shortening?
What produces muscle shortening?
What is the average length of a sarcomere?
What is the average length of a sarcomere?
What type of filaments are myosin filaments?
What type of filaments are myosin filaments?
What type of filaments are actin filaments?
What type of filaments are actin filaments?
What is the most common type of muscle attachment?
What is the most common type of muscle attachment?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?
What is the function of a fascicle?
What is the function of a fascicle?
What is the inheritance pattern of muscular dystrophy?
What is the inheritance pattern of muscular dystrophy?
What is the approximate occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in male births?
What is the approximate occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in male births?
What are the common symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected boys?
What are the common symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected boys?
Which protein stabilizes the sarcolemma and links cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein stabilizes the sarcolemma and links cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
What is the function of titin in muscle cells?
What is the function of titin in muscle cells?
What structures regulate muscle contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?
What structures regulate muscle contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?
What is the role of myosin heads during muscle contraction?
What is the role of myosin heads during muscle contraction?
Which components control myosin-actin interactions during muscle contraction?
Which components control myosin-actin interactions during muscle contraction?
What happens to the fragile sarcolemma during muscle contraction in DMD?
What happens to the fragile sarcolemma during muscle contraction in DMD?
What is the aim of current treatments for DMD?
What is the aim of current treatments for DMD?
In DMD, the progression of muscle weakness occurs from extremities to which parts of the body?
In DMD, the progression of muscle weakness occurs from extremities to which parts of the body?
With supportive care, how long can DMD patients typically live?
With supportive care, how long can DMD patients typically live?
What is the functional unit of a myofibril responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers?
What is the functional unit of a myofibril responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers?
What do muscle cells contain that are the muscle equivalents of actin-containing microfilaments and myosin motor proteins?
What do muscle cells contain that are the muscle equivalents of actin-containing microfilaments and myosin motor proteins?
What is primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What is primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What is the 'business end' of myosin, linking to actin during contraction?
What is the 'business end' of myosin, linking to actin during contraction?
What is the muscle cell cytoplasm that contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin?
What is the muscle cell cytoplasm that contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin?
What is the fusion product of hundreds of embryonic cells?
What is the fusion product of hundreds of embryonic cells?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What acts as motors to generate force during muscle contraction?
What acts as motors to generate force during muscle contraction?
What is the large, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and sarcolemma?
What is the large, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and sarcolemma?
What contains myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules?
What contains myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules?
What splits ATP and uses the released energy to drive movement?
What splits ATP and uses the released energy to drive movement?
What involves thick and thin filaments forming cross bridges and swiveling around their point of attachment?
What involves thick and thin filaments forming cross bridges and swiveling around their point of attachment?
What is the approximate percentage of body mass made up by muscle tissue?
What is the approximate percentage of body mass made up by muscle tissue?
Where does cardiac muscle tissue occur?
Where does cardiac muscle tissue occur?
What is the primary energy source used by muscles to exert force?
What is the primary energy source used by muscles to exert force?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What is the connective tissue sheath that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
What is the connective tissue sheath that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called?
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called?
What is the functional unit of a myofibril responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers?
What is the functional unit of a myofibril responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers?
Which protein stabilizes the sarcolemma and links cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
Which protein stabilizes the sarcolemma and links cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix?
What is the most common type of muscle attachment?
What is the most common type of muscle attachment?
What is the aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the average length of a sarcomere?
What is the average length of a sarcomere?
What is primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What is primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
Where does cardiac muscle tissue occur?
Where does cardiac muscle tissue occur?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is the function of smooth muscle?
What is the function of smooth muscle?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?
What is the functional unit of a myofibril responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers?
What is the functional unit of a myofibril responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers?
What is the muscle cell cytoplasm that contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin?
What is the muscle cell cytoplasm that contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin?
What primarily composes the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What primarily composes the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What is the 'business end' of myosin, linking to actin during contraction?
What is the 'business end' of myosin, linking to actin during contraction?
What is the large, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and sarcolemma?
What is the large, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and sarcolemma?
What is the aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What are the common symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected boys?
What are the common symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected boys?
What is the inheritance pattern of muscular dystrophy?
What is the inheritance pattern of muscular dystrophy?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle?
What is the approximate occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in male births?
What is the approximate occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in male births?
What is the function of dystrophin in muscle cells?
What is the function of dystrophin in muscle cells?
Which protein controls myosin-actin interactions during muscle contraction?
Which protein controls myosin-actin interactions during muscle contraction?
What is the primary aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the primary aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the role of titin in muscle cells?
What is the role of titin in muscle cells?
What are the common symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected boys?
What are the common symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected boys?
What structures regulate muscle contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?
What structures regulate muscle contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?
What causes tears in the fragile sarcolemma during muscle contraction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What causes tears in the fragile sarcolemma during muscle contraction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the approximate occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in male births?
What is the approximate occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in male births?
What is the function of myosin heads during muscle contraction?
What is the function of myosin heads during muscle contraction?
What is the inheritance pattern of muscular dystrophy?
What is the inheritance pattern of muscular dystrophy?
Where is smooth muscle found?
Where is smooth muscle found?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
What is the connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
What is the functional unit of a muscle, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins?
What is the functional unit of a muscle, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What is the contractile unit of a muscle, averaging 2 $ extmu$m in length?
What is the contractile unit of a muscle, averaging 2 $ extmu$m in length?
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called?
What is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle called?
What is the role of myosin heads during muscle contraction?
What is the role of myosin heads during muscle contraction?
What is primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What is primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What is the Latin origin of the word 'muscle'?
What are myofibrils?
What are myofibrils?
Where do most skeletal muscles attach to bones?
Where do most skeletal muscles attach to bones?
What is the fusion product of hundreds of embryonic cells?
What is the fusion product of hundreds of embryonic cells?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is the study of cells and tissues called?
What is the study of cells and tissues called?
Which branch of anatomy involves the study of body structures system by system?
Which branch of anatomy involves the study of body structures system by system?
What is the study of cells called?
What is the study of cells called?
Which type of anatomy studies the relationship between internal structures and the overlying skin surface?
Which type of anatomy studies the relationship between internal structures and the overlying skin surface?
What is the study of diseases related to?
What is the study of diseases related to?
Which body system is responsible for the transportation of nutrients, gases, and wastes?
Which body system is responsible for the transportation of nutrients, gases, and wastes?
What is the primary energy source used by muscles to exert force?
What is the primary energy source used by muscles to exert force?
What is the primary aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the primary aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What reinforces the muscle and supports its function?
What is the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment known as?
What is the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment known as?
Which characteristic distinguishes muscles from other tissues?
Which characteristic distinguishes muscles from other tissues?
What are the survival needs essential for maintaining life?
What are the survival needs essential for maintaining life?
What is the primary focus of developmental anatomy?
What is the primary focus of developmental anatomy?
What does physiology emphasize in the context of structure and function?
What does physiology emphasize in the context of structure and function?
What is the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining physiological limits?
What is the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining physiological limits?
Which organ system is responsible for the production of offspring?
Which organ system is responsible for the production of offspring?
Which body cavity contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs?
Which body cavity contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs?
Which type of feedback loop is more prevalent in the body?
Which type of feedback loop is more prevalent in the body?
Which type of muscle is not striated and is not subject to voluntary control?
Which type of muscle is not striated and is not subject to voluntary control?
What type of anatomical terminology allows accurate description of body parts and positions?
What type of anatomical terminology allows accurate description of body parts and positions?
What type of body cavity has two subdivisions, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity?
What type of body cavity has two subdivisions, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity?
Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
What type of body cavity is larger and anterior, and includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
What type of body cavity is larger and anterior, and includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
What are the body planes used for anatomical studies and imaging?
What are the body planes used for anatomical studies and imaging?
Which body cavity is lined by a serous membrane and is not physically separated into abdominal and pelvic cavities?
Which body cavity is lined by a serous membrane and is not physically separated into abdominal and pelvic cavities?
What division of the body is designated by regional terms?
What division of the body is designated by regional terms?
What type of feedback system can be maintained through feedforward and feedback systems?
What type of feedback system can be maintained through feedforward and feedback systems?
What is the primary function of anatomical terminology such as directional terms and regional terms?
What is the primary function of anatomical terminology such as directional terms and regional terms?
Which branch of anatomy involves the study of body structures system by system?
Which branch of anatomy involves the study of body structures system by system?
What is the primary focus of developmental anatomy?
What is the primary focus of developmental anatomy?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is responsible for muscle contraction and depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments?
What is the aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
What is the aim of current treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
Which type of feedback loop is more prevalent in the body?
Which type of feedback loop is more prevalent in the body?
What type of cavity contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs?
What type of cavity contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs?
What is the function of anatomical terminology such as directional terms and regional terms?
What is the function of anatomical terminology such as directional terms and regional terms?
What divides the body into axial and appendicular parts?
What divides the body into axial and appendicular parts?
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
What covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains?
What covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains?
What is the main function of the ventral body cavity?
What is the main function of the ventral body cavity?
What is the role of body planes in anatomical studies and imaging?
What is the role of body planes in anatomical studies and imaging?
What is the primary purpose of feedforward and feedback systems in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the primary purpose of feedforward and feedback systems in maintaining homeostasis?
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
What are the main organs contained in the thoracic cavity?
What are the main organs contained in the thoracic cavity?
What is the main function of negative feedback loops?
What is the main function of negative feedback loops?
Which of the following is a subdivision of physiology?
Which of the following is a subdivision of physiology?
What is the primary emphasis of physiology?
What is the primary emphasis of physiology?
Which characteristic is NOT included in the major body organ systems?
Which characteristic is NOT included in the major body organ systems?
What is a key component of survival needs for the body?
What is a key component of survival needs for the body?
What is the primary aim of homeostasis?
What is the primary aim of homeostasis?
What is the approximate range for blood glucose level to be maintained?
What is the approximate range for blood glucose level to be maintained?
Which of the following is NOT a basic life process?
Which of the following is NOT a basic life process?
What is the study of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions at organ and cellular levels?
What is the study of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions at organ and cellular levels?
What is the primary emphasis of developmental anatomy?
What is the primary emphasis of developmental anatomy?
Which of the following is a subdivision of physiology?
Which of the following is a subdivision of physiology?
What is NOT a characteristic of the body's characteristics?
What is NOT a characteristic of the body's characteristics?
What is the primary study of diseases?
What is the primary study of diseases?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fiber
- Skeletal muscle fibers are large, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and sarcolemma.
- Each fiber is produced by the fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells.
- Sarcolemma, the muscle cell cytoplasm, contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin.
- Muscle cells contain myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules.
- Myofibrils consist of myofilaments, which are the muscle equivalents of actin-containing microfilaments and myosin motor proteins.
- Muscle contraction depends on myosin- and actin-containing myofilaments.
- Thick filaments are primarily composed of the protein myosin, with each myosin molecule consisting of six polypeptide chains.
- The globular heads of myosin are the "business end" of myosin, linking to actin during contraction.
- Myosin splits ATP and uses the released energy to drive movement, with each thick filament containing about 300 myosin molecules.
- Muscle contraction involves thick and thin filaments forming cross bridges and swiveling around their point of attachment.
- Myosin acts as motors to generate force during muscle contraction.
- The sarcomere, the functional unit of a myofibril, extends from one Z disc to the next and is responsible for the banding pattern observed in muscle fibers.
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function Overview
- Each fascicle is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called perimysium
- In direct attachments, the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of a bone or perichondrium of a cartilage
- Indirect attachments of muscles are more common due to their durability and small size
- Tendons, mostly tough collagen fibers, anchor muscles to skeletal elements or other muscles
- A muscle consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells, connective tissue wrappings, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
- A fascicle is a discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscle by a connective tissue sheath
- A muscle fiber is an elongated multinucleate cell with a banded appearance
- Myofibrils are rodlike contractile elements that occupy most of the muscle cell volume
- A sarcomere is the contractile unit of a muscle, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins
- Contractile myofilaments are of two types: thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
- The sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments produces muscle shortening
- A sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle, averaging 2 µm in length
Homeostasis and Anatomical Terms: Key Concepts in Human Biology
- Homeostasis is disrupted by external stimuli like intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen, as well as internal stimuli like psychological stresses and exercise.
- Homeostasis involves receptors, a control center, and effectors, and can be maintained through feedforward and feedback systems.
- Feedback systems include negative and positive feedback loops, with negative feedback being more prevalent in the body.
- Anatomical terminology, such as directional terms and regional terms, allows accurate description of body parts and positions.
- The body is divided into axial and appendicular parts, with regional terms used to designate specific areas within these divisions.
- Body planes, including sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, are used for anatomical studies and imaging.
- The dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity, protecting the nervous system organs.
- The ventral body cavity, larger and anterior, includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity, housing internal organs.
- The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, and other thoracic organs, while the abdominopelvic cavity contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs.
- The abdominopelvic cavity is not physically separated into abdominal and pelvic cavities and is lined by a serous membrane.
- The bowl-shaped pelvis tips away from the perpendicular, causing the abdominal and pelvic cavities to be misaligned.
- The serous membrane covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains, including the heart.
Anatomy and Physiology Overview
- Developmental anatomy studies structural changes from fertilization to maturity
- Physiology focuses on mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions at organ and cellular levels
- Subdivisions of physiology include pathophysiology, exercise physiology, and neurophysiology
- Physiology emphasizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function and homeostasis
- Physiology is also the study of diseases
- Major body organ systems include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive
- The body's characteristics include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, digestion, and reproduction
- Basic life processes include metabolism, digestion, excretion, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
- Survival needs include nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment
- Homeostasis relies on feedback mechanisms to maintain physiological limits
- For example, blood glucose level is kept within a narrow range of 70-110mg/100ml
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
