Microscopes and Cell Theory

Study Notes

Cell Cycle

Cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and gets ready for division
G₁ phase: Growth and organelle production
S phase: DNA replication
G₂ phase: Final preparations
Mitotic (M) phase: The actual division process
Mitosis: Dividing the DNA into two sets
Prophase: Chromosomes condense
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate
Telophase: New nuclear envelopes form
Cytokinesis: Splitting the cell into two daughter cells
G₀ phase: Some cells rest and don’t divide

Types of Stem Cells

Totipotent stem cells: Can differentiate into any cell type required for the development of a complete organism
Pluripotent stem cells: Can differentiate into all of the cells of the adult body
Multipotent stem cells: Can differentiate into a limited range of cell types
Oligopotent stem cells: Can differentiate into a few closely related cell types
Unipotent stem cells: Can only differentiate into one cell type

Plant Organ Systems

Meristematic Tissue: Cells that keep dividing and help the plant grow
Apical Meristems: At the tips of stems and roots, they make the plant longer
Lateral Meristems: Make the plant thicker as it grows
Intercalary Meristems: Found in some plants, they allow for elongation even after cutting
Permanent Tissue: Cells have specific jobs and don’t divide anymore
Dermal Tissue: Covers and protects the plant
Vascular Tissue: Moves water, nutrients, and sugars around
Ground Tissue: Supports the plant, stores stuff, and helps with photosynthesis
Shoot System: Aboveground parts like stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
Root System: Underground, supporting the plant

Types of Roots

Tap Root System: Main Root grows straight down, anchors the plant, and stores nutrients
Fibrous Root System: Many roots, provides stability and absorbs water
Adventitious Root System: Unusual roots, develops from stems or leaves, supports, breathes, and stores food

Types of Microscopes

Simple Microscope: Single lens magnification
Compound Microscope: Multiple lenses system
Electron Microscope: Uses electron beams for high-resolution images
Fluorescence Microscope: Uses fluorescence or phosphorescence to study properties
Digital Microscope: Displays image digitally, often connected to a computer

Cell Theory

All known living things are made up of one or more cells
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species

Organelles Function & Structure Plant vs. Animal Cell

Plant cells are rigid and autotrophic, while animal cells are flexible and heterotrophic
Plant cells have a cell wall, which provides structure and support, while animal cells do not
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not
Plant cells have a larger central vacuole, which stores nutrients and waste, while animal cells have smaller, more numerous vacuoles

Description

Test your knowledge of different types of microscopes, including simple, compound, electron, fluorescence, and digital microscopes. Additionally, explore the basics of cell theory, including the concept that all living things are made up of one or more cells. Assess your understanding of cell division and the origins of new cells.