Microscope Parts and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What part of the microscope controls the amount of light?

  • Iris diaphragm (correct)
  • Condenser
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Light source/illuminator

    • Which part of the microscope is responsible for gathering light and concentrating it into a cone of light?

  • Iris diaphragm
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Condenser (correct)
  • Light source/illuminator

    • What is used for focusing on the scanner, or low-power objective (LPO)?

  • Coarse adjustment knob (correct)
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Stage clips
  • Revolving nosepiece

    • What part of the microscope provides a support for the microscope?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following microscope objectives with their magnification:

    <p>Scanner = 4x Low-power objective = 10x High-power objective = 40x Oil immersion objective = 100x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the platform on which the slide is positioned.

    <p>stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stage clips?

    <p>Hold the slide in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the magnification of a compound microscope's low-power objective (LPO)?

    <p>10x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscope provides a three-dimensional view of the specimen?

    <p>Dissecting microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell membrane regulates the flow of substances between the cell and its surroundings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus within a cell?

    <p>The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the substance outside the nucleus called?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methylene blue is used to stain human cheek cells to get a clearer view of the cellular structures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a frog egg cell?

    <p>Has a distinct nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinct nucleus of red blood cells in frogs are more evident because they need a lot of oxygen as amphibians.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white blood cells of frogs have no distinct nucleus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the white blood cells in humans, besides fighting infections?

    <p>Immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sperm cell can move towards the egg and fertilize it due to the flagellum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cell division called?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting phase of the cell cycle called?

    <p>G0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the G1 phase, the cell undergoes preparation for division, including growth and duplication of cytoplasmic structures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the phase where DNA synthesis takes place?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle involves the preparation for the onset of mitosis?

    <p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic material called in the cell during the G2 phase?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes align at the equatorial region/metaphase during metaphase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to replicated chromosomes, which are shorter and more condensed, and referred to as sister?

    <p>Sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the protein complexes attached to the centromere of chromosomes called?

    <p>Kinetochores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during anaphase?

    <p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the distance traveled by the chromatids during anaphase?

    <p>Distance travelled by the chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The constriction of the plasma membrane at the equatorial plate during telophase leads to the formation of two daughter cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early telophase is characterized by the reappearance of the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes uncoil and assume a threadlike appearance during telophase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The asters and mitotic spindles disappear during late telophase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cleavage furrow becomes more constricted during late telophase, leading to the formation of two daughter cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells called that make up the embryo?

    <p>Blastomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gastrula stage is characterized by the presence of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cavity in the blastula stage called?

    <p>Blastocoel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue forms the outer covering of external surfaces?

    <p>Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they lack blood vessels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissues are innervated by nerves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides structural support for epithelial tissue?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium covers the external surfaces of digestive organs, lungs, and heart?

    <p>Mesothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microscope Parts and Functions

    • Iris Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light
    • Condenser: Gathers and concentrates light onto the specimen
    • Light Source/Illuminator: Reflects light through the specimen
    • Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used for initial focusing (scanner or low power objective)
    • Fine Adjustment Knob: Used for final focusing
    • Base: Supports the microscope
    • Calculating Calibration: Methods for comparison measurements using microscopes.
    • Stage Micrometer: Used for calibration of ocular micrometer
    • Ocular/Eyepiece: Contains a lens (often 10x magnification) to aid in locating objects
    • Arm Handle: Mechanical attachment for other parts
    • Revolving Nose Piece: Holds and shifts objectives
    • Objectives: Contain lenses for magnification (Scanner: 4x, Low Power: 10x, High Power: 40x, Oil Immersion: 100x)
    • Stage: Platform where the slide is positioned
    • Stage Clips: Hold the slide in place
    • Ocular Micrometer: Used for measuring specimens

    Animal Cell Structure

    • Cell Membrane: Regulates the flow of substances between the cell and surroundings
    • Nucleus: Usually spherical or ovoid, contains genetic material
    • Cytoplasm: Substance outside the nucleus, contains organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes

    Comparison of Microscopes

    • Magnification: A compound microscope has a higher magnification power than a dissecting microscope.
    • Compound microscope: 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
    • Dissecting microscope: 5x, 50x
    • Dimensions: 2D for compound, 3D for dissecting

    Animal Cell Activity (Human Cheek Cells)

    • Utilize methylene blue to visualize cellular structures in cheek cells

    Animal Cells Activity (Frog Stomach)

    • Not included in the provided text in this context

    Cell Division/Mitosis

    • Interphase: Resting and preparing for division phase
    • Prophase: Chromatin fibers condense forming chromosomes.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equatorial region.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
    • Telophase: Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, chromosomes uncoil

    Animal Development (Cleavage)

    • Early Cleavage: Cells divide, becoming blastomeres.
    • Late Cleavage: Small blastomeres = micromeres, Large blastomeres = macromeres. -Cells arranged at animal and vegetal poles.
    • Gastrula: Stage of development after cleavage.
    • Blastula: Cell stages present after cleavage

    Tissues (Epithelial Tissues)

    • Epithelial Tissue: Covers external surfaces and lines internal surfaces, forms secretory units of glands (exocrine, endocrine).
    • Functions: Protection, excretion, special functions for sensory organs
    • Characteristics: Closely packed cells, highly cellular, avascular, presence of basement membrane.
    • Types of Epithelial Tissue: Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar, Stratified squamous, Pseudostratified columnar and transitional

    Connective Tissues (Fibers)

    • Ground Substance: Homogenous, transparent, hydrated gel
    • Fibers: Provide tensile strength and flexibility, elastic fibers provide resiliency
    • Types of Connective Tissues: Elastic Fibers , Reticular Fibers, Collagen Fibers

    Blood

    • Red Blood Cells: Unstained pale yellow or greenish yellow color, pink when stained routinely, Rouleaux formation (RBCs adhere to each other)

    • White Blood Cells: Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) and Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes), different types have different functions in immunity and inflammation (ie.. neutrophils - for bacteria defense, eosinophils - for parasites, and basophils - release histamine)

    • Fat Cells (Adipocytes): Store lipids (SIGNET RING CELLS- special type of adipocyte)

    • White Adipose Tissue: Serves as energy source, forms insulation and cushioning

    • Brown Adipose Tissue: Generates heat

    Cartilage

    • Hyaline Cartilage: Most abundant, underlies articular cartilage, found in trachea and bronchi.
    • Elastic Cartilage: More flexible, found in outer ear
    • Fibro Cartilage: Extremely strong, found in intervertebral discs

    Bone

    • Special form of connective tissue
    • Minerals deposited in the matrix

    Muscle Tissue

    • Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, found in internal organs
    • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, found in the heart
    • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, found in muscles attached to bones

    Nervous Tissue

    • Neural Tissue: Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves to transmit impulses
    • Nerve Cells: Specialized to transmit signals (communication)
    • Neuroglia: Supports and protect nerve cells

    Other Tissues

    • Frog Skin: layers of stratified epithelium. Outer layer: Stratum Corneum (dead, flattened cells) ; Middle layer: Stratum Germinativum (multiple layers of cuboidal to columnar cells).

    Spinal Cord

    • Central Canal: Inner structure
    • Grey Matter: Contains nerve cell bodies
    • White Matter: Contains nerve fibers
    • Dura Mater: Protective outer layer

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    Description

    This quiz covers the various parts of a microscope and their specific functions, including the iris diaphragm, coarse adjustment knob, and light source. Understanding these components is essential for effective microscopy and specimen analysis. Test your knowledge on the key features and their roles in microscopy.

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