Microscope Parts and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What part of the microscope controls the amount of light?

  • Iris diaphragm (correct)
  • Condenser
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Light source/illuminator

Which part of the microscope is responsible for gathering light and concentrating it into a cone of light?

  • Iris diaphragm
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Condenser (correct)
  • Light source/illuminator

What is used for focusing on the scanner, or low-power objective (LPO)?

  • Coarse adjustment knob (correct)
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Stage clips
  • Revolving nosepiece

What part of the microscope provides a support for the microscope?

<p>Base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscope objectives with their magnification:

<p>Scanner = 4x Low-power objective = 10x High-power objective = 40x Oil immersion objective = 100x</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the platform on which the slide is positioned.

<p>stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stage clips?

<p>Hold the slide in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnification of a compound microscope's low-power objective (LPO)?

<p>10x (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microscope provides a three-dimensional view of the specimen?

<p>Dissecting microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane regulates the flow of substances between the cell and its surroundings.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus within a cell?

<p>The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance outside the nucleus called?

<p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methylene blue is used to stain human cheek cells to get a clearer view of the cellular structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a frog egg cell?

<p>Has a distinct nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distinct nucleus of red blood cells in frogs are more evident because they need a lot of oxygen as amphibians.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The white blood cells of frogs have no distinct nucleus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the white blood cells in humans, besides fighting infections?

<p>Immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sperm cell can move towards the egg and fertilize it due to the flagellum.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of cell division called?

<p>Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting phase of the cell cycle called?

<p>G0</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the G1 phase, the cell undergoes preparation for division, including growth and duplication of cytoplasmic structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the phase where DNA synthesis takes place?

<p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of the cell cycle involves the preparation for the onset of mitosis?

<p>G2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic material called in the cell during the G2 phase?

<p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chromosomes align at the equatorial region/metaphase during metaphase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to replicated chromosomes, which are shorter and more condensed, and referred to as sister?

<p>Sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein complexes attached to the centromere of chromosomes called?

<p>Kinetochores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaphase?

<p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the distance traveled by the chromatids during anaphase?

<p>Distance travelled by the chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The constriction of the plasma membrane at the equatorial plate during telophase leads to the formation of two daughter cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early telophase is characterized by the reappearance of the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chromosomes uncoil and assume a threadlike appearance during telophase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The asters and mitotic spindles disappear during late telophase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cleavage furrow becomes more constricted during late telophase, leading to the formation of two daughter cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cells called that make up the embryo?

<p>Blastomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gastrula stage is characterized by the presence of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cavity in the blastula stage called?

<p>Blastocoel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue forms the outer covering of external surfaces?

<p>Epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they lack blood vessels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissues are innervated by nerves.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides structural support for epithelial tissue?

<p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium covers the external surfaces of digestive organs, lungs, and heart?

<p>Mesothelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the iris diaphragm?

The part of the microscope that controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.

What does the condenser do?

It gathers light from the light source and focuses it on the specimen.

What is the light source/illuminator?

The part of the microscope that provides light to illuminate the specimen.

What is the coarse adjustment knob used for?

Used for initial, rough focusing with the scanner or low-power objective.

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What is the fine adjustment knob used for?

This knob is used for the final, fine focusing.

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What is the function of the base of a microscope?

It supports the entire microscope.

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What is the function of the objectives?

This is the lens system that provides magnification when viewing the specimen.

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What is the revolving nosepiece?

A circular structure attached to the arm of the microscope that holds and rotates the objectives.

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What is the ocular/eyepiece?

The lens you look through to observe the specimen, typically with a 10x magnification.

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What is the stage?

The platform where the microscope slide is placed during observation.

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What are the stage clips for?

These clips hold the slide in place on the stage.

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What is a stage micrometer?

A slide with a precise scale used in determining the actual size of objects viewed under the microscope.

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What is an ocular micrometer?

A reticle placed within the eyepiece of a microscope, used in conjunction with the stage micrometer to calculate the size of objects viewed.

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What is the cell membrane?

The membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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What is the nucleus?

The spherical or ovoid structure within the cell that contains the genetic material (DNA).

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What is the cytoplasm?

The jelly-like substance that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It contains organelles.

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What is mitosis?

The process of cell division, where one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

The resting phase of the cell cycle, where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide.

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What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A phase in the cell cycle where the cell prepares for DNA replication, increasing in size and making necessary proteins.

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What is the S phase of the cell cycle?

The phase in the cell cycle where DNA replication takes place, resulting in two copies of DNA.

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What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, where the cell continues to grow and synthesize proteins needed for mitosis.

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What is chromatin?

A condensed, thread-like form of DNA that becomes visible during cell division.

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What is prophase?

The stage in mitosis where the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle fibers form.

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What is metaphase?

The stage in mitosis where the chromosomes line up at the middle (equatorial plate) of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers.

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What is anaphase?

The stage in mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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What is telophase?

The final stage in mitosis, where two daughter nuclei form, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.

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What is simple squamous epithelium?

A type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of flat, thin cells.

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What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of cube-shaped cells.

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What is simple columnar epithelium?

A type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells.

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What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A type of epithelial tissue where multiple layers of cells are present, with the outermost layer being flattened.

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What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of cells, but due to the nuclei's positioning, it appears stratified.

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What are cilia?

Hair-like projections on the surface of certain epithelial cells, responsible for moving fluids or mucus.

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What is cartilage?

A type of connective tissue that forms the bulk of the fetal skeleton. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes embedded in a matrix.

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What is hyaline cartilage?

The most abundant type of cartilage, it is smooth and pearly white. It is found in areas like the trachea, bronchi, and articular cartilage.

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What is elastic cartilage?

This type of cartilage contains elastic fibers and is more flexible than hyaline cartilage. It is found in the external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube.

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What is fibrocartilage?

This type of cartilage has a high concentration of collagen fibers and is strong and shock-absorbing. It is found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

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What is bone?

A specialized type of connective tissue that is hard and rigid due to mineral deposition in its matrix. It is found in the skeleton.

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What is cardiac muscle?

A type of muscle tissue that is found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

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What is smooth muscle?

A type of muscle tissue that is found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It is involuntary and responsible for smooth, rhythmic contractions.

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What is skeletal muscle?

A type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement. It is striated and appears under a microscope.

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Study Notes

Microscope Parts and Functions

  • Iris Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light
  • Condenser: Gathers and concentrates light onto the specimen
  • Light Source/Illuminator: Reflects light through the specimen
  • Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used for initial focusing (scanner or low power objective)
  • Fine Adjustment Knob: Used for final focusing
  • Base: Supports the microscope
  • Calculating Calibration: Methods for comparison measurements using microscopes.
  • Stage Micrometer: Used for calibration of ocular micrometer
  • Ocular/Eyepiece: Contains a lens (often 10x magnification) to aid in locating objects
  • Arm Handle: Mechanical attachment for other parts
  • Revolving Nose Piece: Holds and shifts objectives
  • Objectives: Contain lenses for magnification (Scanner: 4x, Low Power: 10x, High Power: 40x, Oil Immersion: 100x)
  • Stage: Platform where the slide is positioned
  • Stage Clips: Hold the slide in place
  • Ocular Micrometer: Used for measuring specimens

Animal Cell Structure

  • Cell Membrane: Regulates the flow of substances between the cell and surroundings
  • Nucleus: Usually spherical or ovoid, contains genetic material
  • Cytoplasm: Substance outside the nucleus, contains organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes

Comparison of Microscopes

  • Magnification: A compound microscope has a higher magnification power than a dissecting microscope.
  • Compound microscope: 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
  • Dissecting microscope: 5x, 50x
  • Dimensions: 2D for compound, 3D for dissecting

Animal Cell Activity (Human Cheek Cells)

  • Utilize methylene blue to visualize cellular structures in cheek cells

Animal Cells Activity (Frog Stomach)

  • Not included in the provided text in this context

Cell Division/Mitosis

  • Interphase: Resting and preparing for division phase
  • Prophase: Chromatin fibers condense forming chromosomes.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equatorial region.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, chromosomes uncoil

Animal Development (Cleavage)

  • Early Cleavage: Cells divide, becoming blastomeres.
  • Late Cleavage: Small blastomeres = micromeres, Large blastomeres = macromeres. -Cells arranged at animal and vegetal poles.
  • Gastrula: Stage of development after cleavage.
  • Blastula: Cell stages present after cleavage

Tissues (Epithelial Tissues)

  • Epithelial Tissue: Covers external surfaces and lines internal surfaces, forms secretory units of glands (exocrine, endocrine).
  • Functions: Protection, excretion, special functions for sensory organs
  • Characteristics: Closely packed cells, highly cellular, avascular, presence of basement membrane.
  • Types of Epithelial Tissue: Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar, Stratified squamous, Pseudostratified columnar and transitional

Connective Tissues (Fibers)

  • Ground Substance: Homogenous, transparent, hydrated gel
  • Fibers: Provide tensile strength and flexibility, elastic fibers provide resiliency
  • Types of Connective Tissues: Elastic Fibers , Reticular Fibers, Collagen Fibers

Blood

  • Red Blood Cells: Unstained pale yellow or greenish yellow color, pink when stained routinely, Rouleaux formation (RBCs adhere to each other)

  • White Blood Cells: Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) and Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes), different types have different functions in immunity and inflammation (ie.. neutrophils - for bacteria defense, eosinophils - for parasites, and basophils - release histamine)

  • Fat Cells (Adipocytes): Store lipids (SIGNET RING CELLS- special type of adipocyte)

  • White Adipose Tissue: Serves as energy source, forms insulation and cushioning

  • Brown Adipose Tissue: Generates heat

Cartilage

  • Hyaline Cartilage: Most abundant, underlies articular cartilage, found in trachea and bronchi.
  • Elastic Cartilage: More flexible, found in outer ear
  • Fibro Cartilage: Extremely strong, found in intervertebral discs

Bone

  • Special form of connective tissue
  • Minerals deposited in the matrix

Muscle Tissue

  • Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, found in internal organs
  • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, found in the heart
  • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, found in muscles attached to bones

Nervous Tissue

  • Neural Tissue: Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves to transmit impulses
  • Nerve Cells: Specialized to transmit signals (communication)
  • Neuroglia: Supports and protect nerve cells

Other Tissues

  • Frog Skin: layers of stratified epithelium. Outer layer: Stratum Corneum (dead, flattened cells) ; Middle layer: Stratum Germinativum (multiple layers of cuboidal to columnar cells).

Spinal Cord

  • Central Canal: Inner structure
  • Grey Matter: Contains nerve cell bodies
  • White Matter: Contains nerve fibers
  • Dura Mater: Protective outer layer

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Description

This quiz covers the various parts of a microscope and their specific functions, including the iris diaphragm, coarse adjustment knob, and light source. Understanding these components is essential for effective microscopy and specimen analysis. Test your knowledge on the key features and their roles in microscopy.

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