Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who concluded that all animals are made of cells?
Who concluded that all animals are made of cells?
- Theodor Schwann (correct)
- Matthias Schleiden
- Robert Hooke
- Rudolph Virchow
What is the basic tenet underlying the field of biology?
What is the basic tenet underlying the field of biology?
- Theory of relativity
- Quantum theory
- Cell theory (correct)
- Theory of evolution
Which statement is NOT a part of classical cell theory?
Which statement is NOT a part of classical cell theory?
- Cells arise from spontaneous generation (correct)
- Cells are the basic unit of organization
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- All living things are made of cells
What do modern cell theory additions include regarding hereditary units?
What do modern cell theory additions include regarding hereditary units?
Which of the following is an example of a unicellular organism?
Which of the following is an example of a unicellular organism?
What is the smallest type of cell mentioned?
What is the smallest type of cell mentioned?
Which of the following shapes is a characteristic of certain plant cells?
Which of the following shapes is a characteristic of certain plant cells?
What measurement unit is used to quantify cell size?
What measurement unit is used to quantify cell size?
What part of the microscope is used for concentrating light onto the specimen?
What part of the microscope is used for concentrating light onto the specimen?
Which type of mirror is used for reflecting natural light in a microscope?
Which type of mirror is used for reflecting natural light in a microscope?
What is the typical magnification power of a standard eyepiece in a microscope?
What is the typical magnification power of a standard eyepiece in a microscope?
Who coined the term 'cells' after observing cork under a microscope?
Who coined the term 'cells' after observing cork under a microscope?
Which scientist is known for noticing 'Brownian motion' while studying pollen grains?
Which scientist is known for noticing 'Brownian motion' while studying pollen grains?
What is the function of the iris diaphragm in a microscope?
What is the function of the iris diaphragm in a microscope?
Which of the following is NOT typically a magnifying part of a microscope?
Which of the following is NOT typically a magnifying part of a microscope?
Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?
Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?
What type of microscope consists of a single biconvex lens?
What type of microscope consists of a single biconvex lens?
Who coined the term 'cell' in his publication Micrographia?
Who coined the term 'cell' in his publication Micrographia?
Which scientist was known for discovering living cells through a single lens microscope?
Which scientist was known for discovering living cells through a single lens microscope?
What does the term 'microscopy' refer to?
What does the term 'microscopy' refer to?
What was a significant contribution made by Joseph Lister to microscopy?
What was a significant contribution made by Joseph Lister to microscopy?
In which year did Hans and Zacharias Janssen place multiple lenses to enhance viewing?
In which year did Hans and Zacharias Janssen place multiple lenses to enhance viewing?
What type of image is formed by a simple microscope when viewing an object?
What type of image is formed by a simple microscope when viewing an object?
Which scientist introduced a mathematical formula correlating resolving power to the wavelength of light?
Which scientist introduced a mathematical formula correlating resolving power to the wavelength of light?
What is the formula used to calculate total magnification of a microscope?
What is the formula used to calculate total magnification of a microscope?
Which of the following parts of a light microscope is responsible for holding the objectives?
Which of the following parts of a light microscope is responsible for holding the objectives?
What does resolution refer to in the context of microscopy?
What does resolution refer to in the context of microscopy?
Which lens of a common compound microscope typically magnifies forty times?
Which lens of a common compound microscope typically magnifies forty times?
What is the primary function of the stage in a light microscope?
What is the primary function of the stage in a light microscope?
What is included in the mechanical parts of a microscope?
What is included in the mechanical parts of a microscope?
What is the function of the stage clip in a microscope?
What is the function of the stage clip in a microscope?
Which part of the microscope connects the base and body tube together?
Which part of the microscope connects the base and body tube together?
Who designed and built the first transmission electron microscope?
Who designed and built the first transmission electron microscope?
What was the main innovation introduced by Frits Zernike in 1932?
What was the main innovation introduced by Frits Zernike in 1932?
What is the significance of the computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner developed in 1972?
What is the significance of the computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner developed in 1972?
Which invention allowed for imaging objects smaller than 0.2 micrometers?
Which invention allowed for imaging objects smaller than 0.2 micrometers?
What did Ernst Ruska achieve in 1986 related to microscopy?
What did Ernst Ruska achieve in 1986 related to microscopy?
What does the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) allow scientists to visualize?
What does the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) allow scientists to visualize?
In what year was the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope developed?
In what year was the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope developed?
What advancement did researchers at UCLA make in 2010?
What advancement did researchers at UCLA make in 2010?
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Study Notes
Microscope Functionality and Types
- Microscopes magnify objects that are invisible to the naked eye, enabling detailed investigation.
- Two primary types of microscopes: Simple Microscope (one biconvex lens) and Compound Microscope (uses multiple lenses).
- Simple microscope produces erect, virtual images; commonly known as magnifying glass.
Historical Development of the Microscope
- 1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen created a rudimentary compound microscope.
- 1609: Galileo Galilei improved microscope design with convex and concave lenses.
- 1665: Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" in his work Micrographia, observing plant cells.
- 1676: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first viewed live cells and microbes using his single-lens microscope.
- 1830: Joseph Lister improved magnification quality by minimizing spherical aberrations.
- 1931: Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll developed the first transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- 1972: CAT scanner created by Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cornack for 3D imaging.
- 1981: Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented, allowing visualization of individual atoms.
- 2014: Nobel Prize awarded for super-resolution microscopy that exceeds 0.2 micrometers.
Total Magnification
- Calculated by multiplying the ocular lens magnification with the objective lens magnification (e.g., 10x ocular x 10x objective = 100x total magnification).
- Low power lens (10x) and high power lens (40x) are commonly used in compound microscopes.
- Resolution ensures clear details; contrast relates to the background darkness against the specimen.
Parts of a Light Microscope
- Mechanical Parts: Provide support and enable adjustments; includes body tube, revolving nosepiece, arm, stage, stage clip, base, and inclination joint.
- Illuminating Parts: Includes mirrors (concave for natural light, planar for artificial light), condenser (focuses light on specimen), and iris diaphragm (regulates light amount).
- Magnifying Parts: Eye piece (usually 10x) and objectives ranging from 4x to 100x magnification.
Cell Theory Development
- 1665: Robert Hooke observed cells in cork, leading to the term "cell".
- 1838: Matthias Schleiden concluded all plants consist of cells.
- 1839: Theodor Schwann asserted all animals are made of cells.
- 1855: Rudolf Virchow declared "Omnis cellula e cellula," signifying all cells stem from pre-existing cells.
- Cell theory foundational principles established by Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow outline that cells are the basic unit of life, organization, and originate from other cells.
Cell Types and Characteristics
- Unicellular Organisms: Comprised of a single cell (e.g., bacteria and amoeba).
- Multicellular Organisms: Consist of multiple cells (e.g., plants and animals).
Cell Size and Shape
- Cells range in size, measured in micrometers; Mycoplasma is the smallest, while ostrich eggs represent the largest known cells.
- Various shapes exist depending on the organism, including spherical, oval, polygonal, elliptical, and cuboidal forms.
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