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Questions and Answers
What are microplastics primarily known to be found in?
There is currently no causal data connecting microplastics to specific human diseases.
True
Name one critical electrolyte mentioned that is important for brain and bodily function.
Sodium
People who are pregnant or have _____ children should strive to limit their exposure to microplastics.
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Match the following sponsors with their service:
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What is a significant concern regarding microplastics found in human tissues?
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Microplastics and nanoplastics can be found in the bloodstream.
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What is the primary source of microplastics that can be found in the environment?
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The first stool that a baby takes, which can be analyzed for microplastics, is called __________.
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Match the following items with their associated concern:
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What is one reason microplastics and nanoplastics crossing the blood-brain barrier is concerning?
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Microplastics and nanoplastics can only be found in human brain tissue and nowhere else in the body.
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Name one other tissue besides the brain that has a blood organ barrier.
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The phrase 'the future is _______' became famous in the movie The Graduate.
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What size range defines microplastics?
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Match the following barriers with their corresponding functions:
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Microplastics and nanoplastics have been shown to effectively exit the body without causing health issues.
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What is one potential impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health?
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Microplastics smaller than ____ micron in diameter are considered nanoplastics.
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Match the following types of plastics with their descriptions:
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What is one reason why it is suggested to avoid sea salt?
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Consuming canned soup can significantly increase the levels of bisphenol A in urine.
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What method is recommended for removing microplastics and nanoplastics from tap water?
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What type of salt is recommended as a safer alternative to sea salt?
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The presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in bottled water has been overestimated in recent studies.
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The lining of canned soup contains __________, a known endocrine disruptor.
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What is the average number of microplastic particles found per liter in bottled water, according to the latest analysis?
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One way to limit exposure to microplastics is to avoid consuming water from _____ bottles.
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Match the following substances with their potential health effects:
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Match the following types of water containers with their characteristics:
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Which of the following statements about paper cups is true?
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It is safe to microwave food in any plastic container labeled as microwave-safe.
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What is one common endocrine disruptor found in canned products besides BPA?
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The analysis showed that bottled water contains approximately __________ particles of microplastics per liter.
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Match the following items with their potential risks or associations:
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What is one major concern associated with the presence of nanoplastics in human tissues?
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Microplastics are generally larger than nanoplastics.
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What health condition was linked to higher levels of microplastics in stool samples in a study?
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Nanoplastics can cross protective biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in tissues such as the __________.
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Match the following biological barriers with the tissues they protect:
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Study Notes
Microplastics and Nanoplastics Overview
- Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic found in air, food, water, and even lining the inside of cups
- Size range: 1 micron (1/1000th of a millimeter) to 5 millimeters
- Nanoplastics are smaller than 1 micron
- Concerns: potential disruption of cellular health, organ health, and may lead to certain diseases
Microplastics In Human Tissues
- Postmortem studies show microplastics in various human tissues
- Brain: 0.5% of brain weight, equivalent to a teaspoon of salt or sugar
- Microplastics are present in other tissues with a blood-organ barrier like the brain, testicles, and follicles
Microplastics in the Brain
- Microplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier
- Found in neurons, which vary in size (5-100 microns)
- Potential, but not yet proven, impact on neurodevelopment
- May correlate with conditions like autism and ADHD, but more research is needed
Microplastics in the Testis and Follicle
- Microplastics can cross the blood-testicular barrier in males
- Found in the testicle tissue
- Microplastics can cross the blood-follicle barrier in females
Microplastics in Other Tissues
- Microplastics are found in almost all human and animal tissues
- Found in the lungs, bloodstream, placenta, and meconium (first stool of infants)
Microplastics in the Environment
- Microplastics have become increasingly common since the 1950s
- Many plastics are not biodegradable and persist in the environment, particularly in water and air
Bisphenol A (BPA)
- A component of microplastics that acts as an endocrine disruptor
- Interferes with estrogen-like pathways
- Banned from sippy cups and containers for young children due to concerns it may impact development
Microplastics & Nanoplastics: An Overview
- Microplastics and nanoplastics are found in almost every tissue in the human body, including the placenta, bloodstream, brain, testes, follicles, lungs, and liver.
- The health effects of microplastics and nanoplastics are not yet fully understood.
Sources of Microplastics & Nanoplastics
- Common objects: Plastic bags, storage containers, bottle caps, rope, gear strapping, utensils, cups, floats, coolers, containers, fishing nets, textiles, latex paint, coatings, food packaging, medical devices, automotive parts, tires, safety glass, windshields, drinking bottles, and textile fibers.
- Microplastics in the air: Microplastics are released from tires, and can be carried by the wind and fall from the sky as microplastic rain.
- Degradation: Microplastics are generated through the degradation of larger plastic items.
How to Limit Exposure to Microplastics & Nanoplastics
- Limit plastic water bottle consumption: Research suggests that bottled water contains significantly higher amounts of microplastics and nanoplastics than previously thought.
- Install a reverse osmosis filter: Reverse osmosis filters can remove microplastics, nanoplastics, and other contaminants from tap water.
- Avoid sea salt: Sea salt contains high levels of microplastics due to ocean pollution. Consider using pink Himalayan salt or salt from a non-marine source.
- Avoid canned soup: Canned soups can contain high levels of BPA, a known endocrine disruptor. Look for BPA-free canned soups or consider making homemade soup.
- Avoid microwaving plastic: Microwaving plastic can release microplastics, nanoplastics, BPA, and other harmful chemicals.
- Avoid paper cups with hot liquids: Paper cups often contain BPA and BPS, which can leach out into hot liquids. Use a reusable mug or ceramic cup instead.
BPA & Other Endocrine Disruptors
- Bisphenol A (BPA): A known endocrine disruptor that mimics estrogen and can disrupt hormone function. Often found in the lining of canned goods and plastic containers.
- Bisphenol S (BPS): Another endocrine disruptor that may be present in products labeled "BPA-free."
- Phthalates: Chemicals that can leach from plastic and other containers. Known to disrupt hormone function and may have health implications.
Avoiding Microplastics & Nanoplastics: A Practical Approach
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It is not realistic to completely eliminate all exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics.
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However, taking steps to limit exposure through the above strategies can contribute to a healthier lifestyle.### Microplastics & Nanoplastics in the Environment
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Microplastics: 1 micron - 5 millimeters in diameter
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Nanoplastics: Less than 1 micron in diameter
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Measurement Tools: Advancements in light microscopy techniques like Single Particle Chemical Imaging by SRS microscopy have led to a more accurate understanding of microplastics and nanoplastics in various environments, revealing significantly higher counts than previously estimated.
- Earlier estimations: 30,000 particles per liter of bottled water.
- Recent estimations: 240,000 particles per liter of bottled water.
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Sources of Microplastics & Nanoplastics in the Body: Food, drinks, air, water, and plastic containers.
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Impact on Human Health: While there are limited data on the effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on humans, correlational research points to possible relationships between their accumulation and various health issues.
Potential Health Issues Associated with Microplastic & Nanoplastic Accumulation
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A study in 2021 (published in Journal of Environmental Science and Technology) found significantly higher levels of microplastics in stool samples from IBS patients compared to those without IBS.
- Note: This is a correlational study, not a definitive causal link.
- Possible Explanations: a) Microplastics contribute to IBS, or b) IBS may hinder the body's ability to filter microplastics.
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Reproductive Function and Hormone Health: Microplastics and nanoplastics are found in human testes and semen.
- Impact on Sperm Health: Correlational studies link higher microplastic and nanoplastic presence with reduced sperm count and lower sperm motility.
- Note: Sperm count and motility are factors in fertility, but reduction in sperm count and motility doesn't necessarily mean infertility.
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Endocrine Disruptors: Chemicals like phthalates, BPA, and BPS are commonly found in plastics, which can disrupt hormone pathways.
- Phthalates: Studies show a correlation between elevated phthalate levels in the body and decreased testosterone levels in men, women, and children, especially among women aged 40-60 years.
- BPA and BPS: These chemicals can bind estrogen receptors, mimicking estrogen's effects or blocking estrogen's actions. They can also bind to androgen (testosterone) receptors, disrupting androgen function.
Reducing Exposure to Microplastics and Nanoplastics
- Use ceramic or stainless steel mugs and travel mugs.
- Avoid using plastic lids for hot drinks.
- Avoid consuming water from plastic bottles.
- Choose non-BPA and phthalate-free containers for food and drinks.
- Choose fresh foods over processed or canned foods.
- Consider reducing consumption of fish (particularly tuna) to lower mercury levels.
- Supplement with N-acetylcysteine to support glutathione production and detoxification processes.
Microplastics and Nanoplastics
- Microplastics and nanoplastics were found in the artery plaques of 58% of the 150 patients in a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2024.
- Electron microscopy allows for visualization of objects smaller than a micron.
- It is unclear if microplastics contribute to cardiovascular disease, but they could potentially obstruct blood flow.
PFAS “Forever Chemicals”
- PFAS are a group of chemicals sometimes referred to as “forever chemicals” due to their persistence in the environment and the body.
- PFAS have been shown to cause liver damage and immune system dysfunction.
- Microplastics can act as vectors for PFAS, carrying them throughout the body.
Liver Detoxification
- There are two main phases of liver detoxification:
- Phase 1 (oxidation phase): Uses cytochrome P450 enzymes to convert toxins into less harmful components for excretion.
- Phase 2 (conjugation phase): Attaches molecules to toxins, making them water-soluble and easier to excrete through urine.
- The liver plays a significant role in removing microplastics, nanoplastics, BPA, and BPS from the body.
Sulforaphane
- Sulforaphane is a compound found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower.
- It can enhance phase 2 liver detoxification processes.
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Dosages:
- Animal studies suggest that humans could consume sufficient sulforaphane through a large serving of broccoli or cauliflower.
- Examine.com recommends a dosage of 1.1 to 5.5 mg for a 150 lb person and 1.5 to 7.2 mg for a 200 lb person.
Excretion of Microplastics & Nanoplastics
- Fiber: Dietary fiber can bind to lipophilic molecules like BPA and BPS, aiding in their removal from the body.
- Bowel: Microplastics, nanoplastics, PFAS can potentially be excreted through the bowel.
Hormone Disruption
- BPA and BPS mimic estrogen, impacting estrogen receptors and potentially affecting androgen receptors as well.
- These hormone disruptions can affect cell function and gene expression.
- Increased risk of hormone-dependent cancers in tissues with high cell turnover:
- Testicles
- Ovaries
- Breast tissue
Reducing Exposure & Promoting Excretion
- Avoid plastic water bottles and opt for reusable alternatives.
- Use a reverse osmosis filter to remove microplastics from tap water.
- Choose BPA-free and PFAS-free canned foods.
- Minimize sea salt consumption.
- Use cast iron or ceramic cookware instead of non-stick pans.
- Consider the potential PFAS content in carbonated water.
- San Pellegrino is a lower PFAS option, compared to Topo Chico and Perrier.
Sulphoraphane Supplementation
- Supplements provide a convenient way to increase sulphoraphane intake, especially for individuals who don't consume enough cruciferous vegetables.
- Examine.com suggests that supplements with 50mg of sulphoraphane might exceed the typical requirements for a 150-200 lb person.
- While research is ongoing, consuming cruciferous vegetables and/or supplementation could be considered for overall health benefits.
Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Carbonated Water
- Topo Chico contains high levels of forever chemicals despite efforts to reduce them
- San Pellegrino and Perrier are better alternatives to Topo Chico
- Microplastics and nanoplastics can get lodged in different tissues throughout the body
Tools to Reduce Microplastic and Nanoplastic Exposure
- Dietary Fiber: Adequate fiber intake helps remove microplastics and nanoplastics from the body.
- Glass/Steel Vessels: Drink water from glass or steel vessels instead of plastic containers.
- Reverse Osmosis Water: Reverse osmosis water filtration can remove some microplastics and nanoplastics.
- Himalayan Salt: Use Himalayan salt as an alternative to sea salt, which may contain higher levels of microplastics.
- Cast Iron and Ceramic Cookware: Utilize cast iron and ceramic cookware over non-stick options, limiting plastic exposure.
- Sweat: Sweating can aid in the removal of substances associated with microplastics and nanoplastics.
- Cruciferous Vegetables: Consuming cruciferous vegetables supports the removal of these harmful substances.
Tools to Reduce Microplastic and Nanoplastic Exposure: Additional Tips
- Farmers Markets: Buy produce from farmers markets to reduce exposure to plastic packaging.
- Reusable Bags and Baskets: Utilize reusable bags and baskets when shopping to minimize plastic waste.
Clothing as a Source of Microplastics and Nanoplastics
- Clothing, particularly synthetic fabrics, releases microfibers during each wash cycle.
- These microfibers contribute to microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in oceans, air, and landfill waste.
- Reducing clothing purchases and reusing clothing can decrease microfiber release.
Other Sources of Microplastic and Nanoplastic Exposure
- Packaged Foods: Avoid consuming packaged foods, especially those in plastic containers.
- Microwave Popcorn: Microwave popcorn bags often contain plastic linings that can release harmful chemicals.
- Plastic Toothpaste Tubes: Plastic toothpaste tubes can introduce microplastics and nanoplastics through oral ingestion.
Potential Effects of Emerging Chemical Exposure on Brain Development
- Studies indicate that microplastics and nanoplastics may disrupt brain development, particularly impacting neurotransmitters including acetylcholine.
- Concerns exist regarding the potential link between exposure to these chemicals and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and ADHD.
- Further research is needed to establish a definitive causal relationship between microplastic/nanoplastic exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders.
- Pregnant women, newborns, and breastfeeding infants should be aware of potential exposure to these chemicals and take steps to limit exposure.
Final Considerations
- Microplastics and nanoplastics are ubiquitous in our environment and a significant source of exposure is through the clothing industry.
- Reducing clothing purchases, using reusable bags for produce, and using non-plastic cookware are effective strategies for reducing microplastic and nanoplastic exposure.
- It's important to avoid unnecessarily consuming or purchasing products that contain plastic.
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Test your knowledge on the effects of microplastics on human health and the environment. This quiz covers critical information about microplastics, their sources, and health implications. Learn more about how these pollutants can affect various human tissues and bodily functions.
