10 Questions
Who is commemorated during the Dragon Boat Festival?
Qu Yuan
On which date is the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrated according to the Lunar calendar?
15th day of the 8th month
What reason is given for throwing zongzi into the river during the Dragon Boat Festival?
To protect Qu Yuan's body
Which ingredient is NOT typically found in traditional mooncakes?
Green tea
Which of the following is a health modification mentioned for making healthier zongzi?
Using vegetarian ingredients for the filling
What shape are traditional mooncakes usually found in?
Round
Why should mooncakes be consumed in moderation?
They are high in fats, sugars, and cholesterol
Who invented the snowy mooncake?
Tai Pan
Which alternative ingredient can replace glutinous rice to make healthier zongzi?
Multi-grain cereals
What do people traditionally do during the Mid-Autumn Festival?
Admire the moon and eat mooncakes
Study Notes
Classification of Microorganisms (Function)
- Beneficial micro-organisms: have a beneficial effect and are used to serve humanity (e.g., in food manufacturing, such as beer production)
- Inert micro-organisms: neither harmful nor beneficial to humans, cause no disease inside the human body
- Pathogens: micro-organisms that cause disease (e.g., certain bacteria cause cholera and typhoid)
- Spoilage micro-organisms: do not cause disease but spoil food by growing in it and producing substances that alter its color, texture, and odor, making it unsafe or unsuitable for human consumption
- Mould: grows in a network of hair-like fibres called mycelia, which form fruiting bodies to yield spores, thrives in close, damp, and dark conditions, and requires little or adequate supply of warmth, moisture, and air for growth
Yeasts
- Reproduce or multiply by a characteristic process called "budding"
- Grow well in dilute sugar solutions and acidic media, require less moisture and acidic pH to grow
- Do not grow in alkaline media, dough + yeast + baking soda
- Responsible for fermentation of different foods (e.g., fruit products, bread, beer, wine, and vinegar)
Bacteria
- Most common causes of food spoilage
- More difficult to kill than moulds and yeasts
- Can be killed in 30 minutes at 121°C under 10 lbs pressure
- Certain types of bacteria are sensitive to acids and can be killed easily in acidic pH and boiling water
Temperature
- Each type of bacteria has an optimal temperature at which it grows best
- Temperatures below and above the optimum adversely affect the growth of bacteria
- Psychrophilic bacteria grow well at refrigerator temperature (below 10°C)
- Mesophilic bacteria grow best at medium temperature between 16°C and 38°C
- Thermophilic bacteria, the term thermophilic means "heat-loving", grow best at temperatures as high as 82°C
Insects, Parasites, and Rodents
- Low temperature: refrigerator temperature chilling can slow down spoilage, refrigeration is best to prevent spoilage, and frozen food is best for preserving food but may undergo changes
- Temperature danger zone: between 5°C and 60°C, where bacteria multiply rapidly, minimize food spending time in this zone, keep food cool in a refrigerator, and refrigerate food as quickly as possible to 5°C or below, hot food should be kept hot above 60°C
Learn about the classification of microorganisms based on their function, including beneficial, inert, pathogens, and spoilage microorganisms.
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