Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is commemorated during the Dragon Boat Festival?
Who is commemorated during the Dragon Boat Festival?
On which date is the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrated according to the Lunar calendar?
On which date is the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrated according to the Lunar calendar?
What reason is given for throwing zongzi into the river during the Dragon Boat Festival?
What reason is given for throwing zongzi into the river during the Dragon Boat Festival?
Which ingredient is NOT typically found in traditional mooncakes?
Which ingredient is NOT typically found in traditional mooncakes?
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Which of the following is a health modification mentioned for making healthier zongzi?
Which of the following is a health modification mentioned for making healthier zongzi?
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What shape are traditional mooncakes usually found in?
What shape are traditional mooncakes usually found in?
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Why should mooncakes be consumed in moderation?
Why should mooncakes be consumed in moderation?
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Who invented the snowy mooncake?
Who invented the snowy mooncake?
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Which alternative ingredient can replace glutinous rice to make healthier zongzi?
Which alternative ingredient can replace glutinous rice to make healthier zongzi?
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What do people traditionally do during the Mid-Autumn Festival?
What do people traditionally do during the Mid-Autumn Festival?
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Study Notes
Classification of Microorganisms (Function)
- Beneficial micro-organisms: have a beneficial effect and are used to serve humanity (e.g., in food manufacturing, such as beer production)
- Inert micro-organisms: neither harmful nor beneficial to humans, cause no disease inside the human body
- Pathogens: micro-organisms that cause disease (e.g., certain bacteria cause cholera and typhoid)
- Spoilage micro-organisms: do not cause disease but spoil food by growing in it and producing substances that alter its color, texture, and odor, making it unsafe or unsuitable for human consumption
- Mould: grows in a network of hair-like fibres called mycelia, which form fruiting bodies to yield spores, thrives in close, damp, and dark conditions, and requires little or adequate supply of warmth, moisture, and air for growth
Yeasts
- Reproduce or multiply by a characteristic process called "budding"
- Grow well in dilute sugar solutions and acidic media, require less moisture and acidic pH to grow
- Do not grow in alkaline media, dough + yeast + baking soda
- Responsible for fermentation of different foods (e.g., fruit products, bread, beer, wine, and vinegar)
Bacteria
- Most common causes of food spoilage
- More difficult to kill than moulds and yeasts
- Can be killed in 30 minutes at 121°C under 10 lbs pressure
- Certain types of bacteria are sensitive to acids and can be killed easily in acidic pH and boiling water
Temperature
- Each type of bacteria has an optimal temperature at which it grows best
- Temperatures below and above the optimum adversely affect the growth of bacteria
- Psychrophilic bacteria grow well at refrigerator temperature (below 10°C)
- Mesophilic bacteria grow best at medium temperature between 16°C and 38°C
- Thermophilic bacteria, the term thermophilic means "heat-loving", grow best at temperatures as high as 82°C
Insects, Parasites, and Rodents
- Low temperature: refrigerator temperature chilling can slow down spoilage, refrigeration is best to prevent spoilage, and frozen food is best for preserving food but may undergo changes
- Temperature danger zone: between 5°C and 60°C, where bacteria multiply rapidly, minimize food spending time in this zone, keep food cool in a refrigerator, and refrigerate food as quickly as possible to 5°C or below, hot food should be kept hot above 60°C
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Description
Learn about the classification of microorganisms based on their function, including beneficial, inert, pathogens, and spoilage microorganisms.
