Microorganisms and Disease Transmission
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Microorganisms and Disease Transmission

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Questions and Answers

Which protozoan infection is particularly dangerous for pregnant women?

  • Trichomoniasis
  • Dysentery
  • Toxoplasmosis (correct)
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia

    • What illness is characterized by abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea due to pathogenic protozoa?

  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Malaria
  • Dysentery (correct)
  • Trichomoniasis

    • What type of microorganism is classified as a fungus?

  • Yeast (correct)
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Protozoa

    • What is the primary reason fungi can become pathogenic?

    <p>Certain environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?

    <p>They can produce their own nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is caused by a protozoan that affects individuals with weakened immune systems?

    <p>Pneumocystis pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal infection is characterized by infections of the skin, nails, or mucous membranes?

    <p>Superficial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are protozoan parasites such as malaria primarily transmitted?

    <p>Bite of a specific kind of mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a disease acquired by an employee while at work?

    <p>Occupational disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization is responsible for establishing health and safety standards for the workplace?

    <p>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are standard precautions considered essential in health care settings?

    <p>They prevent transmission of unknown pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OSHA require employers to provide for employees with occupational exposure risk?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of exposure leading to industrial illness in healthcare?

    <p>Needlestick injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency focuses on studying disease causes and formulating safety guidelines for infectious disease control?

    <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injuries can be classified as industrial illnesses in the healthcare profession?

    <p>Needlestick injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do standard precautions aim to prevent in healthcare settings?

    <p>Transmission of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes unicellular organisms?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism is considered acellular?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common characteristic do most pathogenic bacteria share?

    <p>They cause diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism listed?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial strain is resistant to methicillin?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is primarily responsible for tracking antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in the United States?

    <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of bacteria?

    <p>They are unicellular organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sterilization method used in healthcare?

    <p>Steam sterilization using autoclave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of flash sterilization?

    <p>It lacks protective packaging after sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature and pressure does an autoclave typically operate?

    <p>121°C at 15 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safety concern associated with ethylene oxide gas sterilization?

    <p>The gas is toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates a breach of aseptic technique during surgery?

    <p>Failing to check instrument packaging integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?

    <p>Surgical asepsis requires a sterile field, while medical asepsis does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the integrity of packaging on sterilized instruments be checked?

    <p>Before the instruments are placed on the sterile field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of an autoclave in healthcare settings?

    <p>To sterilize instruments using steam and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of aseptic technique in healthcare?

    <p>To prevent the transmission of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a bacteriostatic action do?

    <p>Inhibits the growth of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the use of disinfectants?

    <p>They are used for cleaning instruments and environment surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common method of sterilization in healthcare?

    <p>Autoclave using pressurized steam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of maximizing the resistance of the host?

    <p>Ensuring proper nutrition and fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personal protective equipment is included in standard infection control practices?

    <p>Surgical caps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding antiseptics?

    <p>They are bacteriostatic and safe for skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant action a healthcare professional can take to decrease the source of microorganisms?

    <p>Perform proper handwashing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, fungi, and acellular viruses
    • Most microorganisms do not cause disease
    • Bacteria are one-celled organisms, they can be pathogenic or nonpathogenic
    • Bacteria reproduce in colonies, and each type of pathogenic bacteria causes a specific disease

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Most bacteria can be killed by antibiotics
    • The overuse of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance
    • Drug-resistant bacteria can cause severe side effects even after treatment

    Protozoa

    • Protozoa can cause various diseases including dysentery, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and malaria

    Fungi

    • Fungi are neither plant nor animal
    • Fungi can be pathogenic, with two forms: yeast (one-celled) and mold (multicelled)
    • Fungi can cause infections from annoying to life-threatening, such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and infections of the skin, hair follicles, and scalp

    Transmission of Disease in Healthcare

    • Health care professionals can contract an industrial illness (disease acquired at work)
    • Needlestick injuries are a leading cause of exposure or industrial injury in healthcare settings
    • Safer equipment is being developed to prevent needlestick injuries

    Regulatory Agencies

    • The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), are responsible for formulating safety guidelines to prevent infectious diseases
    • The OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) establishes and enforces minimum health and safety standards in the workplace

    Standard Precautions

    • Standard precautions prevent the transmission of infections by preventing contact with potentially infectious body fluids
    • These precautions should be applied at all times during patient care regardless of infection status

    Prevention through Asepsis

    • Aseptics are a set of practices that break the chain of infection
    • Actions to decrease the source of microorganisms include handwashing, surface disinfection, and avoiding contact with patients while harboring infectious microorganisms
    • Prevent the transmission of microorganisms by wearing PPE (personal protective equipment), and following isolation procedures for highly contagious patients
    • Maximize the host’s resistance by following good hygiene, consuming a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and managing stress

    Antiseptics, Disinfectants, and Sterilization

    • These methods are used to inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms
    • Antiseptics are bacteriostatic (only inhibit growth), they are gentle enough for use on skin
    • Disinfectants destroy most bacteria and viruses, used for cleaning instruments that do not penetrate the skin, and for cleaning the environment
    • Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including viruses and spores, the most common method used is autoclaving
    • Autoclaving uses steam at high temperature and pressure to sterilize instruments

    Thinking It Through 1

    • This scenario refers to surgical asepsis - practices used to prevent contamination of the surgical field
    • Medical asepsis uses practices to reduce the number of microorganisms on surfaces
    • The preceptor broke several aseptic principles:
      • Reaching across the sterile field contaminates it
      • The preceptor did not confirm the integrity of the instrument packaging, which potentially compromised sterility
      • The preceptor rushed the procedure, which increased the risk of contamination

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    Description

    This quiz covers various microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, along with their roles in disease transmission. You'll explore antibiotic resistance and the different diseases caused by these organisms. Test your knowledge on the impact of these microorganisms on health and medicine.

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