12 Questions
Leucopaxillus albissimus produces ______, which shows antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria
chinoline
Ganoderma lucidum contains antimicrobial compounds when extracted using different solvents like acetone, ethanol, methanol, and ______
chloroform
B.subtilis, B.licheniformis, B.pumilus, and B.amyloliquefaciens have been found to produce ______ compounds
antimicrobial
Antimicrobial compounds can target various microorganisms, including bacteria, ______, and parasites
fungi
Bacteriocins can be further divided into ribosomally synthesized peptides (RSPs) and bacteriocins-like inhibitory ______
substances
Natural antimicrobial compounds play a crucial role in preventing and treating infections caused by ______
microbes
Hypholoma fasciculare's methanol extract displays antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, B.subtilis, and ______
Staphylococcus aureus
Laetiporus sulphureus' ethanol extract has antimicrobial properties against Bacillus cereus, B.subtilis, and ______
Micrococcus flavus
Lentinula edodes' chloroform extract and acetate-ethyl extract show activity against Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., and ______
Streptococcus spp.
Scientists have also developed synthetic antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing issue of antibiotic resistance. One example is vanillic acid, which has been shown to effectively inhibit biofilm formation by ______
CREH
Advancements in molecular biology, genetic, genomic, and computational tools have facilitated the mining of microbial secondary metabolites to enhance drug discovery. These compounds are often isolated from bacteria and fungi and exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties. For instance, cyclic peptides like mathiapeptide A, destotamide B, Marfomycins A, B, E; spirotetronates polyketides such as abyssomycin C, Lobophorin F, H, as well as alkaloids and sesquiterpenes derivatives like caboxamyxin and mafuraquinocins A, D, extracted from bacteria and fungi, have antimicrobial properties against clinically resistant ______
bacteria
Advancements in molecular biology, genetic, genomic, and computational tools have facilitated the mining of microbial secondary metabolites to enhance drug discovery. These compounds are often isolated from bacteria and fungi and exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties. For instance, cyclic peptides like mathiapeptide A, destotamide B, Marfomycins A, B, E; spirotetronates polyketides such as abyssomycin C, Lobophorin F, H, as well as alkaloids and sesquiterpenes derivatives like caboxamyxin and mafuraquinocins A, D, extracted from bacteria and fungi, have antimicrobial properties against clinically resistant ______
fungi
Study Notes
Antimicrobial Compounds
Antimicrobial compounds refer to substances that can prevent, slow down, or stop microbial growth and action. These compounds can target various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. They play a crucial role in preventing and treating infections caused by these microbes.
Natural Antimicrobial Compounds
Many organisms, particularly bacteria and fungi, produce antimicrobial compounds as part of their defense mechanisms. Some examples include:
From Fungal Origin
- Leucopaxillus albissimus produces chinoline, which shows antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria, including Achromobacter xyloxidans, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Burkholderia cepacea.
- Ganoderma lucidum, a type of fungus, contains antimicrobial compounds when extracted using different solvents like acetone, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform. These extracts demonstrate efficacy against a range of bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.
From Bacillus subtilis
Members of the B. subtilis group, such as B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. amyloliquefaciens, have been found to produce antimicrobial compounds. These are primarily protein-based, known as ribosomally synthesized peptides or bacteriocins. Bacteriocins can be further divided into ribosomally synthesized peptides (RSPs) and bacteriocins-like inhibitory substances (BLIS).
Other Examples
- Hypholoma fasciculare's methanol extract displays antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
- Laetiporus sulphureus' ethanol extract has antimicrobial properties against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and Micrococcus flavus.
- Lentinula edodes' chloroform extract and acetate-ethyl extract show activity against Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., and Streptococcus spp..
Non-Natural Antimicrobial Compounds
Scientists have also developed synthetic antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing issue of antibiotic resistance. One example is vanillic acid, which has been shown to effectively inhibit biofilm formation by CREH and can potentially be used as a preservative and disinfectant.
Tools for Antimicrobial Drug Discovery from Microorganisms
Advancements in molecular biology, genetic, genomic, and computational tools have facilitated the mining of microbial secondary metabolites to enhance drug discovery. These compounds are often isolated from bacteria and fungi and exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties. For instance, cyclic peptides like mathiapeptide A, destotamide B, Marfomycins A, B, E; spirotetronates polyketides such as abyssomycin C, Lobophorin F, H, as well as alkaloids and sesquiterpenes derivatives like caboxamyxin and mafuraquinocins A, D, extracted from bacteria and fungi, have antimicrobial properties against clinically resistant bacteria.
Test your knowledge on antimicrobial compounds, including natural and synthetic examples, and the tools used for antimicrobial drug discovery. Explore how organisms like fungi and bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds, and how scientists are developing new synthetic compounds to combat antibiotic resistance.
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