Microfilamentos de Actina - Biología Celular
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Questions and Answers

¿Qué describe el proceso de ‘intercambio rotatorio’ en los microfilamentos de actina?

  • El aumento continuo de la longitud del filamento de actina.
  • La ruptura y reintegración de subunidades sin cambio neto en la longitud. (correct)
  • La eliminación total de actina de la estructura celular.
  • La transferencia de actina entre diferentes organelos celulares.

¿Cuál de las siguientes fases no forma parte del ensamblaje de un filamento de actina?

  • Nucleación
  • Elongación
  • Steady-State
  • Despolimerización (correct)

¿Cuál es la característica importante de los microfilamentos de actina en términos de estructura?

  • Presentan polaridad. (correct)
  • No presentan polaridad.
  • Alteran su estructura según la concentración de actina.
  • Son siempre irreversibles en su formación.

¿Qué importante proteína es necesaria para el correcto funcionamiento de los microfilamentos?

<p>Proteínas de unión a actina (ABPs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué se consume durante la formación de microfilamentos de actina?

<p>Energía (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Dónde se encuentra la clorofila en los células mencionadas?

<p>Dentro de sáculos membranosos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la función principal del nucléolo en la célula?

<p>Síntesis de ribosomas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué pigmento se encuentra en los gránulos denominados cianosomas?

<p>Ficobilina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué efecto tiene un cambio en la osmolaridad del líquido extracelular (LEC) sobre las células?

<p>Induces crenación o citólisis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué estructura forma parte del sistema de membranas interno de la célula?

<p>Laminillas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes no es un componente del medio celular?

<p>Ácidos nucleicos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se desarrollan las algas mencionadas según el contenido?

<p>En temperaturas extremas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué función cumplen juntos la clorofila y la ficobilina?

<p>Desarrollar energía a partir de luz (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué proceso ocurre cuando el agua se mueve para igualar las concentraciones en el líquido extracelular e intracelular?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la función principal del citoesqueleto en las células?

<p>Mantener la forma y facilitar el movimiento (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué se entiende como la 'envoltura adherens'?

<p>Sistema de membranas en el citoplasma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el rol principal del agua en el medio celular?

<p>Disolvente para sustancias celulares. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué representan los cianosomas en la célula?

<p>Gránulos que contienen ficobilina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Durante la crenación, ¿qué ocurre con la célula?

<p>La célula se deshidrata y se encoge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de filamentos NO forma parte del citoesqueleto?

<p>Filamentos de colágeno (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los filamentos de actina son conocidos por su papel en:

<p>La división celular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de sustancias están disueltas o suspendidas en el agua del medio celular?

<p>Todos los nutrientes esenciales. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los tres tipos de filamentos del citoesqueleto comparten:

<p>Ciertas características fundamentales similares (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué se entiende por citólisis?

<p>La ruptura de la célula por la entrada de agua. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los iones desempeñan un papel importante en el medio celular. ¿Cuál de los siguientes iones es esencial para funciones neurológicas?

<p>Sodio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

La capacidad de los filamentos del citoesqueleto para actuar de manera conjunta es crucial para:

<p>Proveer estabilidad y movimiento a la célula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué función tienen los microtúbulos en el citoesqueleto?

<p>Actuar como andamiaje para el transporte celular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre los filamentos intermedios es CORRECTA?

<p>Proporcionan soporte mecánico y estabilidad a las células. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

La capacidad de las células para reestructurar sus componentes internos se debe a:

<p>El sistema de filamentos del citoesqueleto (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué característica es exclusiva de las células eucariotas?

<p>Presencia de nucleolo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre las células procariotas es correcta?

<p>Su material genético no está asociado a histonas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la respiración predominante en las células eucariotas?

<p>Aerobia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué función desempeñan las mitocondrias?

<p>Suministrar energía (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es una característica que no presentan las células procariotas?

<p>Sistema de endomembranas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

En términos de tamaño, ¿cómo se comparan las células eucariotas con las procariotas?

<p>Son generalmente más grandes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de división celular es común en las células procariotas?

<p>Amitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes estructuras es típica de las células eucariotas?

<p>Núcleo definido (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la función principal de las proteínas motoras en el citoesqueleto?

<p>Convertir energía de la hidrólisis de ATP en fuerza mecánica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo interactúan los filamentos del citoesqueleto con otros componentes celulares?

<p>A través de interacciones con proteínas accesorias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué característica del citoesqueleto le permite ser dinámico y remodelarse continuamente?

<p>La capacidad de reemplazo y remodelación cada 48 horas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué permite al citoesqueleto definir la polaridad celular?

<p>La aparición de protrusiones celulares especializadas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es un ejemplo de cómo los filamentos del citoesqueleto son regulados?

<p>Por medio de proteínas accesorias que organizan su ensamblaje (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué significado tiene que el citoesqueleto sea capaz de formar protrusiones especializadas?

<p>Facilita el movimiento de las células hacia otras áreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuánto tiempo lleva el citoesqueleto en ser reemplazado y remodelado?

<p>Cada 48 horas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la principal propiedad de los filamentos del citoesqueleto?

<p>Tienen la capacidad de ser dinámicos y reorganizarse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytosol

The intracellular fluid component of a cell

LEC

Extracellular fluid

Osmolarity Changes (LEC)

A shift in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid

Osmosis

Water movement across a membrane to balance solute concentrations

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Crenation

Cell shrinkage due to water loss

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Equilibrium Dynamic

Stable state where water and solute levels are balanced

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Cytolysis

Cell swelling due to water gain

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Intracellular Fluid

The fluid that's inside a cell

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Cytoskeleton function

The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments that helps cells change shape, move, and rearrange internal components.

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Cytoskeleton components

The cytoskeleton is made up of three types of protein filaments: actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

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Actin filaments

One of the three main types of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton, known for their mechanical properties and roles in cell movement.

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Microtubules

One of the three main classes of proteins in the cytoskeleton, involved in cell shape, movement, and internal organization.

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Intermediate filaments

One of the structural components of the cytoskeleton, providing strength and stability to the cell.

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Cytoskeleton's role

The cytoskeleton is crucial for cell shape, structure, and movement.

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Cell adaptation

Cells must change and adapt their structure and components.

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Mechanical properties

Different cytoskeletal filaments have varying properties related to strength, flexibility, and movement.

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Cytoskeleton Filaments

Protein structures that form a network within cells, providing mechanical strength and supporting cellular processes.

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Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate and connect cytoskeletal filaments to other cell components and each other.

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Motor Proteins

Proteins that use ATP energy to move organelles or filaments within the cell.

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Dynamic Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton constantly remodels and replaces its components, even in stable structures.

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Cellular Polarity

The cytoskeleton allows cells to determine a top/bottom or front/back orientation.

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Cytoskeleton & Cell Movement

The cytoskeleton helps cells change shape and move.

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Filament types

Cytoskeleton consists of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

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Cytoskeleton Stability

Despite remodeling, specific parts of the cytoskeleton are stable for long periods.

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Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell lacking a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Cell Complexity

A difference in cell structure, the simple pro vs. intricate eu.

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Cell Size Variation

Cells come in various sizes.

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Cell Shape Diversity

Cells exhibit a wide array of shapes.

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Cell Obtaining Energy

Cells perform chemical reactions to get energy.

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Responding to Stimuli

Cells can respond to external signals.

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Cell Organization

Cells can organize themselves into complex structures.

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Actin Filament Treadmilling

A process where actin monomers are added to one end of an actin filament while simultaneously being removed from the opposite end. This creates the appearance of movement, as though the filament were a conveyor belt.

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Microfilament Assembly

The process of forming and building microfilaments, a key part of the cytoskeleton.

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Polarity in Actin Filaments

Actin filaments have distinct ends: a plus end (where monomers add more quickly) and a minus end (where monomers are lost/disassemble more quickly).

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Actin Filament Nucleation

The initial step in forming an actin filament. A small group of actin monomers come together to form a short filament.

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Steady-State in Actin Filament Assembly

A stage of actin filament assembly where the rate of addition of monomers equals the rate of removal; the filament length remains relatively constant.

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Chlorophyll location

Chlorophyll is found within membrane sacs (laminillas) in algae cells.

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Ficobilins location

Ficobilins are in granules (cyanosomas) attached to cell membranes in algae.

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Cianosomas & laminillas function

Cianosomas and laminillas work together to perform photosynthesis in algae, not individually.

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Cellular membrane system

A complex system of membranes within the cell, crucial for reactions.

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Nucleolus Function

The nucleolus is related to ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.

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Pigments & extreme conditions

Algal pigments allow for growth in extreme temperatures.

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Cell Membranes & reactions

Cell membranes are significant in performing vital processes within the cell.

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Photosynthesis in Algae

The process by which algae cells use light to produce energy.

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Study Notes

General Information

  • Course: Biología Celular y Tisular
  • Module: I
  • Academic Year: 2024/2025
  • Professor: Cristina Yunta Yanes
  • Degree: Grado de Fisioterapia

Topic 1: Evolución y organización estructural de la célula

  • Biología Celular y Tisular is the topic of the course.
  • Key question in biology: What does it mean to be alive?
  • What are the fundamental properties that characterize all living things and distinguish them from inanimate or non-living matter?
  • These are the questions that cellular theory answers.
  • Living things are capable of growing, reproducing, processing information, communicating, responding to stimuli, and carrying out a wide variety of chemical reactions.
  • All living organisms are made up of cells.
  • A cell is a fundamental unit for the organization and function of the body.
  • Biology: The area of knowledge responsible for the study of living matter.
  • Cellular studies can be descriptive—studying the structure of living things—or functional—studying the vital processes of organisms.
  • Continuous cell proliferation and differentiation lead to the formation of different tissues in the body.
  • A single initial cell (produced from fertilization) gives rise to hundreds of different cell types differing in content, shape, size, color, mobility, and surface composition.
  • Cells must be organized into tissues, organs, and systems.
  • Levels of organization:
    • Chemical (atoms and molecules)
    • Cellular
    • Tissue
    • Organ
    • Organ system
    • Organism

Topic 2: La célula

  • Cells are alive and are able to die via apoptosis.
  • Cells contain genetic material (subject to change) and the means to use it.
  • Cells can evolve.
  • Cells can replicate.
  • Cells obtain energy through chemical reactions.
  • Cells react to stimuli and exhibit self-regulation.
  • Cells are complex and capable of organization.
    • Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism
  • Cells are highly variable in size.
  • Cells display diverse shapes.
  • The main types of cells are determined by their specialization (epithelial, muscle, nerve, etc.).

Topic 2: La célula - Clasificación Celular

  • Simpler cell classification: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
  • Key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
    Feature Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
    Size 1-10 µm 10-100 µm
    Nucleus No Yes
    Nucleolus No Yes
    Ribosomes 70S (50S + 30S) 80S (60S + 40S)
    Endomembrane system No Yes
    Mitochondria No Yes
    Chloroplasts No Yes
    Respiration Anaerobic/Aerobic Aerobic
    Cell division Amitosis (binary fission) Mitosis/Meiosis
    Genetic material Proteins not histones Histones

Topic 2: La célula - Clasificación Celular (Animal vs. Vegetal)

  • Animal cells lack chloroplasts, cell walls, and large vacuoles but have centrosomes.
  • Plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls, and large vacuoles but lack centrosomes.

Topic 3: El citoesqueleto

  • The cytoskeleton is a dynamic and adaptable system of filaments that form a framework throughout the cell.
  • It organizes internal structures, facilitates intracellular traffic, and allows cell division and movement.
  • The cytoskeleton is made up of three different types of filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • The properties (structure, composition, arrangement, and function) of each type of filament vary.

Topic 4: Sistema de endomembranas

  • A complex of internal cellular membranes.
  • Only present in eukaryotic cells.
  • Divides the cell into different compartments that are structurally and functionally distinct.
  • The basis of this membrane complex is the lipid bilayer, which is the same in all membrane components.
  • The endomembrane systems are found throughout the cytoplasm, either individually in vesicles or grouped as organelles.
  • Includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) , smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vesicles of various types.

Topic 5: La célula animal-membrana plasmática y matriz extracelular

  • A cell is surrounded by the plasma membrane, which delineates it from the extracellular environment.
  • Its fundamental components are lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids), proteins (integral and peripheral), and carbohydrates (glycoproteins, glycolipids).
  • The plasma membrane is held together through hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces between the fatty acid tails.
  • This structural organization is critical for the membrane's stability and dynamic properties.
  • The membrane-bound compartments of the eukaryotic cell are separated by different forms of lipid and protein assemblies.

Topic 6: La matriz extracelular

  • The extracellular matrix provides the cellular environment.
  • It is largely made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and various other molecules.
  • The components of the extracellular matrix are continuously synthesized and degraded.
  • The structure and composition of the extracellular matrix vary according to the tissue type.
  • Key structural elements are proteoglycans (proteins with GAGs attached) and fibrous elements including collagens, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
  • This matrix plays a crucial role in cell organization, tissue structure, cell behavior, and physiological function.

Topic 7: Uniones intercelulares

  • Specific proteins mediate cell adhesion and communication.
  • These include:
    • Tight junctions
    • Adherens junctions
    • Desmosomes
    • Gap junctions
  • These specialized structures allow cells to form tissues and coordinate their actions.

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Biología 1: Evolución y Organización Celular - Fisioterapia 2024/2025 PDF

Description

Este cuestionario explora conceptos clave sobre los microfilamentos de actina, incluyendo su proceso de ensamblaje y características estructurales. Prueba tu conocimiento sobre el intercambio rotatorio y las proteínas necesarias para su función. Ideal para estudiantes de biología celular que deseen profundizar en este tema crucial.

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