Podcast
Questions and Answers
What vitamin is synthesized by normal flora in the intestine?
What vitamin is synthesized by normal flora in the intestine?
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin K (correct)
- Vitamin C
Which benefit is associated with normal flora?
Which benefit is associated with normal flora?
- Promotes inflammation
- Increases susceptibility to infections
- Produces anti-bacterial chemicals (correct)
- Inhibits digestion
Which of the following statements about normal flora is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about normal flora is FALSE?
- They protect against harmful pathogens.
- They cause systemic infections in healthy individuals. (correct)
- They can enhance the immune response.
- They help synthesize vitamins.
What is a potential risk of an imbalance in normal flora?
What is a potential risk of an imbalance in normal flora?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of normal flora?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of normal flora?
Which organism is considered a resident flora of the skin?
Which organism is considered a resident flora of the skin?
What can happen when a needle pierces the skin?
What can happen when a needle pierces the skin?
Which of the following is a yeast that can be found in the normal flora of the skin?
Which of the following is a yeast that can be found in the normal flora of the skin?
Which of the following statements about normal flora is accurate?
Which of the following statements about normal flora is accurate?
What risk increases when the skin is compromised, such as through a needle puncture?
What risk increases when the skin is compromised, such as through a needle puncture?
What type of bacteria are predominantly found in the large intestine?
What type of bacteria are predominantly found in the large intestine?
What is one factor that can lead to microbiota-related diseases?
What is one factor that can lead to microbiota-related diseases?
Which part of the small intestine has a lesser number of microbiota?
Which part of the small intestine has a lesser number of microbiota?
What can result in changes to the local environment affecting microbiota?
What can result in changes to the local environment affecting microbiota?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that can allow microbiota to cause disease?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that can allow microbiota to cause disease?
What happens to streptococci after a tooth extraction or oral surgery?
What happens to streptococci after a tooth extraction or oral surgery?
What is a common consequence of oral surgery regarding bacterial activity?
What is a common consequence of oral surgery regarding bacterial activity?
Which statement correctly describes the behavior of oral bacteria following tooth extraction?
Which statement correctly describes the behavior of oral bacteria following tooth extraction?
After which procedure is it common for streptococci to enter the bloodstream?
After which procedure is it common for streptococci to enter the bloodstream?
Which bacteria are known to potentially enter the blood following an oral surgery?
Which bacteria are known to potentially enter the blood following an oral surgery?
What harmful bacteria can be found in Formula Milk that may cause disease in infants?
What harmful bacteria can be found in Formula Milk that may cause disease in infants?
How does a person's age affect their normal flora?
How does a person's age affect their normal flora?
Which of the following statements about Formula Milk is true?
Which of the following statements about Formula Milk is true?
What is a potential risk associated with feeding infants Formula Milk?
What is a potential risk associated with feeding infants Formula Milk?
Which bacteria are particularly noted for being transmitted through Formula Milk?
Which bacteria are particularly noted for being transmitted through Formula Milk?
What is the primary benefit of regular handwashing?
What is the primary benefit of regular handwashing?
How does maintaining a healthy balance of normal flora benefit an individual?
How does maintaining a healthy balance of normal flora benefit an individual?
What is a consequence of neglecting hand hygiene?
What is a consequence of neglecting hand hygiene?
Which practice is most effective for maintaining normal flora balance?
Which practice is most effective for maintaining normal flora balance?
Why is the knowledge of hygiene practices crucial in medical microbiology?
Why is the knowledge of hygiene practices crucial in medical microbiology?
Flashcards
Normal Flora Advantages
Normal Flora Advantages
Normal flora in the intestine produces vitamins and antibacterial chemicals that inhibit pathogens
Normal Flora Disadvantages (Partial)
Normal Flora Disadvantages (Partial)
While beneficial, normal flora can also have negative consequences,though the content provided does not explicitly describe them.
Formula Milk Bacteria
Formula Milk Bacteria
Formula milk can sometimes contain harmful bacteria like Salmonella and Cronobacter, which can cause illness in infants.
Infant Health Risk
Infant Health Risk
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Age & Gut Bacteria
Age & Gut Bacteria
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Normal skin flora
Normal skin flora
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Small intestine microbiota
Small intestine microbiota
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Large intestine microbiota
Large intestine microbiota
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Resident flora
Resident flora
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Staphylococcus epidermis
Staphylococcus epidermis
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Microbiota disease
Microbiota disease
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans
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Weakened immune system
Weakened immune system
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Systemic infection
Systemic infection
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Local environment changes
Local environment changes
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Needle piercing and bloodstream
Needle piercing and bloodstream
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Post-extraction bacteria
Post-extraction bacteria
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Handwashing prevention
Handwashing prevention
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Study Notes
Microbiota (Normal Flora)
- Normal flora is the population of microorganisms inhabiting the skin and mucous membranes of healthy people
- Also known as microbiota or microbiome or microflora
- Total population of normal flora in humans is 1014, while the total number of cells is 1013
- Normal flora can sometimes cause disease when they leave their original site
Advantages of Normal Flora
- Synthesize vitamins like Vitamin K and B12 in the intestine
- Produce antibacterial chemicals to suppress pathogens
Disadvantages of Normal Flora
- Normal flora can become pathogenic when the immune system is lowered
- Abnormal multiplication of normal flora leads to diseases
Types of Normal Microbiota
Resident Flora
- Always present
- Found in specific areas at a given age
- Re-establishes itself
- Causes diseases if disturbed
- Fixed microorganism
Transient Flora
- Remains for hours, days, or weeks
- Comes from the environment
- Non-pathogenic microorganisms
- Temporary
Location Sites of Normal Flora
- Skin
- Eyes (conjunctiva)
- Nose (respiratory tract)
- Mouth
- Ear (external ear)
- Urogenital tract
- Gastrointestinal tract
Sterile Sites in the Human Body
- Blood
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Body fluid (peritoneal, pleural)
- Internal organs and tissues
Normal Flora of Skin
- Resident flora: Staphylococcus epidermis
- Candida albicans can reach the bloodstream and cause systemic infections if the skin is pierced
Normal Flora of Oral Cavity
- Sterile at birth but colonized after 4-12 hours by Viridans streptococci
- Streptococcus sanguis (dental plaque)
- Streptococcus mutans secrete a biofilm and produce dental caries
Normal Flora of Respiratory Tract
- Upper respiratory tract (nose-oropharynx)
- Lower respiratory tract is sterile (trachea-bronchi-pulmonary tissue)
Normal Flora of Genitourinary Tract (GU)
- Gut is sterile except the vagina and the distal 1 cm part of the urethra
- Female genital tract is more heavily colonized than the male genital tract
- Due to:
- Shorter female urethra
- Shorter distance between the opening of the urethra and anus
- Vagina is heavily colonized
Normal Flora of Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
- Predominant site, colonized with bacteria
- Stomach contains only a few bacteria due to acidic pH
- Small intestine: a few in the upper part, while the lower part is more abundant
- Large intestine: 99% bacteria are Bacteroides species
Conditions Where Microbiota Cause Disease
- Weakened immune system
- Changes in the local environment
- Disruption of microbiota
- Presence of medical devices
Role of Microbiota
- Defense against pathogens
- Stimulate the immune system
- Nutrient synthesis
- Maintaining pH
factors affecting Normal Flora
- Mode of delivery
- Infant feeding
- Age
- Antibiotics
- Medications
- Surgery
- Hygiene practices
- pH and oxygen and temperature
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