Microbiome Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'microbiome' primarily refer to?

  • Complex communities of microorganisms in a habitat (correct)
  • Large naturally occurring communities of microorganisms
  • A geographical region populated by only large animals
  • The genetic makeup of host animals and plants

Which of the following factors does not influence the gut biome?

  • Personal lifestyle choices (correct)
  • Diet
  • Host genetics
  • Early life exposure

What is implied by the term 'theater of activity' in relation to microbiomes?

  • The spatial distribution of the microorganisms in larger ecosystems
  • The entertainment value of studying microbial life
  • The evolutionary history of microorganisms in various habitats
  • The specific conditions and interactions of microorganisms in their environment (correct)

How do host genetics impact the microbiome?

<p>Through interactions that influence microbial composition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main inhabitants of the microbiome are ______

<p>The main inhabitants of the microbiome are bacteria, fungi, algae, archaea and small protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

The microbiome varies based on _____ and ______

<p>The microbiome varies based on the location and host species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has the least direct impact on the gut microbiome set point in mammals?

<p>Seasonal climate variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about environmental exposure and the microbiome is accurate?

<p>Exposure to environmental microbiota can influence microbiome composition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the gut microbiome?

<p>Duration of breast feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a genetic factor that may influence the microbiome?

<p>Age of the host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gut microbiome develops early in life

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 factors that potentially influence the microbiome development?

<p>Genetics, antibiotic use, environmental, infant diet (breast vs formula feeding), route of delivery, and prenatal and perinatal exposure to maternal microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of a factor or exposure that can influence the microbiome?

<p>Diet, Disease, exposure to environment, climate change, stress, land-use changes, captivity vs free range</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four products of the microbiome that were discussed in class?

<p>Amino acids, neurotransmitters, microbial metabolites and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of the neurotransmitters (aka neuroactive compounds) that the microbiome produces?

<p>GABA, noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microbial-derived molecules play in gut-brain signaling?

<p>They signal to the brain via the vagus nerve and modulate the immune system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microbiome-associated metabolites primarily affect the body's tissues?

<p>They translocate through the circulatory system to induce local immune responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method through which microorganisms can influence host immune responses?

<p>Through colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and the production of metabolites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metabolites is considered a small molecule that is an end product of metabolism?

<p>Short chain fatty acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism mediates the communication between the gut microbiome and the brain?

<p>Vagal nerve signaling and neuroactive compounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List some applications of the microbiome in a veterinary practice or in research.

<p>Predict future health or fitness, prevent or delay disease through new diagnostics, better measure of health, tailor diets to optimize health and tailor treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microbiome definition

A complex community of microorganisms inhabiting a host organism (like animals, fish, or plants).

Microbiome components

Composed of "micro" (small) and "biome" (habitat), describing the community of these microorganisms.

Microorganism communities

The microorganisms inhabiting a particular host organism (like animals, fish, or plants).

Gut biome factors

Diet, host genetics, and early life exposure influence the gut microbiome composition.

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Microbiome significance

The microbiome affects the host in various ways; it has unique physiological characteristics.

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Factors affecting gut microbiome

Prenatal/perinatal exposure, delivery method, infant diet, environment, antibiotics, and genetics shape the gut microbiome.

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Prenatal/Perinatal exposure

Exposure to maternal microbes during pregnancy and birth affects the gut microbiome.

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Delivery method

Vaginal birth vs. Cesarean section impacts the gut microbiome differently.

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Infant diet impact

Breast milk vs. formula, and early solid food affects infant gut development.

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Environmental influences

Familial exposure to microbes, climate change, etc. impact the gut microbiome.

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Gut microbiome metabolites

Small molecules produced by gut microbes that travel through the bloodstream to organs like the liver, brain, and lungs, triggering local immune responses.

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Microbiota-immune response

The gut microbiome influences the immune system's actions, primarily through microbial colonization and metabolism.

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Gut-brain axis metabolites

Certain gut microbes produce metabolites and neurotransmitters that communicate with the brain.

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Gut-Brain Axis signaling

Microbes communicate with the brain through nervous pathways (e.g. vagus nerve) and/or immune responses.

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Short Chain Fatty Acids

Examples of metabolites produced by gut microbes and are critical components supporting immune and brain function.

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Study Notes

Microbiome Overview

  • Microbiome is a combination of "micro" (small) and "biome" (large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna in a habitat).
  • It refers to complex communities of microorganisms living on/in animals, fish, and plants.
  • Microorganisms inhabit specific environments with unique physical and chemical characteristics.
  • Key factors influencing the gut microbiome include diet, host genetics, and early life exposures.

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