Microbiome Alterations and Pathogen Infections

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What may result in a resurgence of diseases in the United States, according to the text?

Global warming and strict control of vectors

Increased compliance with recommended vaccinations

Decreased nutrient availability

Relaxed control of vectors and antibiotic resistance (correct)

Which of the following diseases has spread throughout the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico, as stated in the text?

Malaria

West Nile virus (correct)

Tuberculosis

Measles

What distinguishes true pathogens from opportunistic infectious agents?

True pathogens rely on the host's defenses to cause infection.

True pathogens can overcome the host's defenses to cause infection. (correct)

Opportunistic infectious agents have a higher minimum infective dose.

Opportunistic infectious agents do not need a minimum number of microorganisms to cause infection.

What has led to the reemergence of common infections like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus?

Antibiotic resistance and decreased compliance with recommended vaccinations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms has the lowest estimated minimum infective dose?

Giardia lamblia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an infection that has reemerged due to antibiotic resistance or vaccination noncompliance?

Influenza Signup and view all the answers

Why might immune deficiencies lead to invasive systemic infections?

Immune deficiencies weaken the host's defense mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection is dependent more on the number of microorganisms than on the host's defenses?

Bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to outbreaks of diseases like measles and pertussis according to the text?

Decreased compliance with recommended vaccinations Signup and view all the answers

What poses a continuing threat to public health and safety as mentioned in the text?

Bioterrorism agents like smallpox and anthrax Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes opportunistic infectious agents like Candida albicans from true pathogens?

Opportunistic agents can infect immunocompetent individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Why might alterations in the microbiome by antibiotics lead to local overgrowth of opportunistic microorganisms?

Antibiotics disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that influence the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease?

Pathogenicity, communicability, and infectivity Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ability of a microorganism to induce an immune response?

Immunogenicity Signup and view all the answers

What does virulence refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

Capacity to cause severe disease Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the route by which a microorganism infects the host?

Portal of entry Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an epidemic infectious disease?

Spreads over a large area Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ability of a microorganism to invade and multiply in the host?

Infectivity Signup and view all the answers