Microbiology Study Notes

<p>Adhesion -&gt; Phagocytosis -&gt; Phagolysosome formation -&gt; Degradation -&gt; Exocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phagosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of uncharged tRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The post-exponential phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive a signal and activate a response regulator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly attenuated for virulence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High extracellular magnesium concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling lipid A modifications and gene expression in response to magnesium concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L-4-aminoarabinose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They accumulate proportionally to cell density and signal gene expression changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addition of a palmitate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type V (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA transport related to conjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type VI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type VII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates inter-species communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AHL-lactonase (AiiA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize bioluminescent proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotide synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vibrio fisheri (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attraction of prey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halogenated furanones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial cell density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inter-species communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide autoinducer (AIP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quorum sensing in Gram-positive bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport of autoinducers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating toxin coregulated pili expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of signaling molecule is key (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vibrio harveyi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of AHL signal generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat and undifferentiated, less tolerant to tobramycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periplasmic glucans and physical barriers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Co-existence of different traits in a clonal population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates survival through expression of different traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows different sectors to withstand varied environmental stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ability of bacteria to form biofilms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterium known for producing brominated furanones that disrupt biofilm formation.

Compounds that inhibit bacterial communication and biofilm development without selecting for resistance.

A process where bacteria communicate to coordinate behavior based on population density.

The breaking down of biofilm, making bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics.

Variation in bacterial traits within a population, allowing adaptation to changing environments.

Different bacterial traits coexist to enhance survival in varying conditions.

Extracellular polysaccharides that create a protective layer in biofilms.

Chemical signals used in quorum sensing by some bacteria to coordinate community behavior.

A two-component regulatory system important for Salmonella infection.

A regulatory system needed for Salmonella to survive in low magnesium environments.

A response to nutrient deficiency that involves a phenotypic switch.

Process by which bacteria are engulfed by immune cells.

A vesicle formed around a bacterium during phagocytosis.

The fusion of a phagosome with lysosomes for bacterial degradation.

Process of releasing bacterial fragments after degradation.

Regulation of bacterial behavior based on available nutrients.

Signaling molecules used in quorum sensing to signal bacterial population density.

A signaling molecule identified in many bacteria, important for inter-species communication.

A gene involved in the production of AI-2 for quorum sensing in bacteria.

The production of light by living organisms, often seen in marine species like Vibrio fisheri.

A set of genes that control bioluminescence in Vibrio species.

Substances that interfere with quorum sensing to prevent bacterial communication and virulence.

Structured communities of bacteria that can form on surfaces, often involving quorum sensing.

A two-component system regulating gene expression in Salmonella based on Mg2+ levels.

Genes induced under low Mg2+ conditions, promoting virulence in Salmonella.

Genes induced under high Mg2+ conditions, reducing virulence in Salmonella.

Strains lacking phoP or phoQ that show reduced virulence in hosts.

Chemical changes to lipid A that occur in response to the PhoP/PhoQ system.

Gene expression activities regulated by quorum sensing including biofilm formation and virulence.

A method where bacteria detect the concentration of signaling molecules (autoinducers) in the environment regardless of their cell density.

A type of autoinducer used primarily in Gram-negative bacteria for intra-species communication.

An autoinducer involved in inter-species communication found in more than 55 bacterial species.

A common quorum sensing system in Gram-negative bacteria involving LuxI for autoinducer production and LuxR as an activator.

A regulatory mechanism in bacteria involving a receptor (sensor) and a response regulator, often used in quorum sensing pathways.

A protein that binds to RpoN to activate the expression of repressors in quorum sensing in Vibrio species.

A protein secretion system in Gram-negative bacteria using haemolysin transporter.

A general secretory pathway used by Gram-negative bacteria for protein transport.

A system in Gram-negative bacteria that transports proteins using a flagellar homolog and targets host cells.

A secretion system homologous to conjugation systems for protein or DNA transport in pathogens.

A unique system in some bacteria that uses components similar to bacteriophages for interbacterial transport.