Microbiology Study Notes
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is microbiology?

The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Which of the following are considered cellular organisms?

  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Protozoa (correct)
  • Algae (correct)
  • Fungi (correct)
  • Viruses

    • Which of the following is considered a non-living acellular organism?

  • Viruses (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae

    • What are protozoa and algae classified as?

    <p>Protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with making the first microscope capable of seeing microorganisms?

    <p>Antony van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spontaneous generation is the theory that life arises from non-living matter.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who disproved spontaneous generation with an experiment involving maggots on meat?

    <p>Francesco Redi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was thought to be the key component in creating life before spontaneous generation was disproven?

    <p>Vital force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Needham's experiment supported the theory of spontaneous generation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment disproved spontaneous generation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered that air contains microorganisms?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aseptic technique?

    <p>Sterilizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered that some microorganisms are heat-resistant?

    <p>John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an endospore?

    <p>A heat-resistant form of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long have microorganisms inhabited the earth?

    <p>3.5 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nitrogen fixation?

    <p>The conversion of nitrogen by microorganisms to a form of nitrogen that can be used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of microorganisms carry on photosynthesis?

    <p>Cyanobacteria (A), Algae (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are microorganisms the basis of the aquatic food chain?

    <p>By acting as primary producers, using sunlight to photosynthesize and create organic matter which is then consumed by larger organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems called?

    <p>Phytoplankton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are small free-floating animals that form part of plankton called?

    <p>Zooplankton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substance, made of sugars, that is common in the cell walls of many plants but can't be broken down without microorganisms?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of food products naturally produced by microorganisms?

    <p>Yeast (A), Yogurt (C), Buttermilk (D), Cheeses (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of commercial products naturally produced by microorganisms?

    <p>Antibiotics (A), Dietary supplements (B), Hydrogen gas (C), Ethanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biotechnology?

    <p>The use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)?

    <p>DNA that is created in a laboratory by combining genetic material from different sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a product created with recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)?

    <p>Human insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biodegradation?

    <p>Adding microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pathogen?

    <p>A microbe that can cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathogenic mean?

    <p>Having the ability to cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an infectious disease?

    <p>A disease caused by a microorganism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of deaths worldwide are produced by infectious diseases?

    <p>26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period known as the golden age of microbiology?

    <p>1876-1918</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an emerging disease?

    <p>Emerging diseases are a growing concern for global health. Factors contributing to their emergence include changes in the environment, population growth, travel, and the evolution of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of emerging diseases?

    <p>COVID-19 (A), Ebola (B), MERS (C), SARS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contribute to the emergence of emerging diseases?

    <p>They can evolve to infect new hosts (A), Mobile populations (B), Close contact with animals (C), Climate change (D), Antibiotic resistance (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal microbiota?

    <p>Microbes normally present in and on the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a model organism?

    <p>An organism with the same chemical elements that are easier to study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a domain?

    <p>Groups of classification for all organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the domains of life?

    <p>Bacteria (A), Archaea (C), Eukarya (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristics of the domain Bacteria?

    <p>Unicellular (A), Prokaryotic (C), Peptidoglycan present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristics of the domain Archaea?

    <p>No peptidoglycan (B), Prokaryotic (D), Unicellular (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are members of the domain Eukarya?

    <p>Algae (A), Fungi (C), Helminths (D), Protozoa (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is algae?

    <p>A very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are protozoa?

    <p>One-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are helminths?

    <p>Parasitic worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Study Notes

    • Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms.
    • Microorganisms: Living things too small to be seen with the naked eye.
    • Cellular organisms: Examples include bacteria, protozoa, some algae, and fungi.
    • Non-living acellular organisms: Examples include prions, viroids, and viruses.
    • Protozoa and algae: Protist classifications of microorganisms.
    • Robert Hooke: Described how to build the microscope that Leeuwenhoek constructed.
    • Antony van Leeuwenhoek: Created the first microscope capable of seeing microorganisms.
    • Spontaneous generation: The mistaken belief that non-living material could give rise to living things.
    • Francesco Redi: Disproved spontaneous generation with an experiment on maggots and meat.
    • Vital force: Thought to be a component of creating life, disproven by later experiments.
    • John Needham: Conducted an experiment supporting spontaneous generation by observing microbial growth in sealed flasks.
    • Lazzaro Spallanzani: Concluded that microbial growth is dependent on access to air, and repeated Needham's experiment, disproving spontaneous generation.
    • Louis Pasteur: Demonstrated that air contains microorganisms, confirming Spallanzani's conclusion.
    • Aseptic technique: Procedures to sterilize or eliminate microorganisms.
    • John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn: Discovered heat-resistant microorganisms (endospores).
    • Endospore: A dormant, heat-resistant structure formed by some bacteria.
    • 3.5 billion years: Estimated age of microorganisms on Earth.
    • Nitrogen fixation: The process by which microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.
    • Algae and cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic microorganisms.
    • Phytoplankton: Microscopic, free-floating photosynthetic organisms in aquatic ecosystems.
    • Zooplankton: Small, free-floating animals part of plankton.
    • Cellulose: Plant cell wall component that can't be broken down without microorganisms.
    • Food products naturally produced by microorganisms: Examples are yeast, yogurt, cheeses, and buttermilk.
    • Commercial products naturally produced by microorganisms: Examples are antibiotics, ethanol, hydrogen gas, and dietary supplements.
    • Biotechnology: Utilizing microorganisms and biochemical techniques for practical problems.
    • Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering): Combining genetic material from different sources in a laboratory.
    • Human insulin: Example of a product created using recombinant DNA technology.
    • Bioremediation: Using microorganisms to speed up the decomposition of pollutants.
    • Pathogen: A microbe causing disease.
    • Infectious disease: An illness caused by a microbe.
    • 26%: Estimated global deaths due to infectious diseases.
    • 1876-1918: The golden age of microbiology.
    • Emerging diseases: Newly prevalent diseases in recent decades.
    • Covid, SARS, Ebola, MERS: Examples of emerging diseases.
    • Factors contributing to the emergence of emerging diseases: Evolution to new hosts, mobile populations, and close contact with animals.
    • Re-emerging disease: A disease returning after a period of low prevalence.
    • Normal microbiota: Microorganisms normally residing on and in the human body.
    • Model organism: An organism used in the study of biological processes.
    • Domain: Major categories in biological classification.
    • Bacteria, archaea, eukarya: The three domains of life.
    • Prokaryotic, unicellular, peptidoglycan present: Characteristics of bacteria.
    • Prokaryotic, unicellular, no peptidoglycan: Characteristics of archaea.
    • Fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths: Groups within the domain eukarya.
    • Algae: Simple aquatic plants, typically without stems or leaves.
    • Fungi: Organisms that absorb nutrients from outside sources.
    • Protozoa: Complex single-celled organisms.
    • Helminths: Parasitic worms.
    • Roundworms (nematodes), flukes (trematodes), tapeworms (cestodes): Types of helminths.
    • Binomial nomenclature: Two-part scientific naming system.
    • Genus: First part of a scientific name, capitalized.
    • Epithet: Second part of a scientific name, not capitalized.
    • Strain: Genetic variant of a microorganism.
    • Microbe: General term for microscopic organisms.
    • Viruses, virions, prions: Non-living, infectious microbes.
    • Viruses: DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
    • Virions: RNA-based entities containing no protein coat.
    • Prions: Misfolded proteins causing disease in humans and animals.
    • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic: Fundamental cell types.
    • Prokaryotic: Cell without a nucleus.
    • Eukaryotic: Cell with a nucleus.
    • Staining: Using dyes to visualize specimens.
    • Stain: Dye solution used in staining.
    • Chromophore: Molecule that absorbs light and reflects color.
    • Basic stain: Single dye for staining.
    • Methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin: Examples of basic stains.
    • Acid stain: Stain for organisms not readily stained by basic dyes.
    • Nigrosin: A type of acid stain.
    • Differential stain: Differentiates various microorganism types, e.g., Gram stain.
    • Gram stain: Identifying bacteria with thick or thin cell walls (gram-positive or gram-negative).
    • Gram-positive: Purple-stained bacteria.
    • Gram-negative: Pink-stained bacteria.
    • Fixing: Chemical process to preserve a specimen.
    • Mordant: Chemical fixing a dye to a specimen.
    • Acid-fast stains: Staining method for identifying mycobacteria.
    • Carbol fuchsin, acid-alcohol, methylene blue: Chemicals used in acid-fast staining.
    • Mycobacterium: Genus of bacteria identified by acid-fast stain.
    • Tuberculosis, leprosy: Diseases caused by mycobacteria.
    • Capsule: Gel-like layer outside some bacterial cells.
    • Endospore: Dormant structure of some bacteria.
    • Flagella: Appendages used in cell movement.
    • Fluorescence: Staining method for identifying microorganisms.
    • Immunofluorescence: Staining using antibodies, tagging with fluorescent dyes.
    • Coccus: Spherical bacterial shape.
    • Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacterial shape.
    • Spirillum: Spiral-shaped bacterial shape.
    • Diplococci: Bacterial cocci in pairs.
    • Streptococci: Cocci chains.
    • Sarcinae: Cocci arranged in cubical packets.
    • Diplobacilli: Bacilli in pairs.
    • Streptobacilli: Bacilli chains.
    • Vibrio: Curved rod bacteria.
    • Coccobacillus: Short, round rod-shaped bacteria.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of microbiology with these study notes. Learn about microorganisms, their classifications, and key historical figures like Robert Hooke and Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Additionally, understand concepts like spontaneous generation and vital force in the context of microbial life.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser