Microbiology: Spirochetes and Mycobacteria
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Questions and Answers

What pathogen is used to produce the tuberculosis vaccine?

  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Nocardia asteroides
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • Bacille Calmette-Gurin (correct)
  • What is the primary mode of transmission for leprosy?

  • Ingestion of contaminated food
  • Prolonged contact with skin lesions (correct)
  • Direct contact with mucous membranes
  • Airborne droplets
  • Which statement best describes Actinomycetes?

  • They are prokaryotes that resemble yeast morphologically.
  • They are obligate intracellular parasites.
  • They are a group of filamentous, branching, gram-positive organisms. (correct)
  • They are exclusively found in aquatic environments.
  • Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Nocardia infections?

    <p>Chronic pneumonia with abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Chlamydia bacteria?

    <p>They are obligate intracellular parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Chlamydia species is known to cause ocular infections?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium leprae?

    <p>Requires contact with infected exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do Nocardia organisms thrive in?

    <p>Aerobic soil environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for M.tuberculosis?

    <p>Inhalation of aerosolized droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the HIV-infected population in some regions is co-infected with M.tuberculosis?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial site is affected by primary tuberculosis when contracted via the respiratory tract?

    <p>Bronchiole or alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug used in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is multiple drug therapy employed in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?

    <p>To prevent resistance development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method is commonly used for identifying active pulmonary tuberculosis?

    <p>Nucleic acid amplification PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy is recommended for individuals who test positive for TB but show no symptoms?

    <p>Latent TB chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when an infected person can pass M.tuberculosis to multiple individuals?

    <p>Aerosol transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes mycobacteria in terms of their cell wall composition?

    <p>They have a high lipid content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the staining characteristic of mycobacteria?

    <p>Acid-fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary growth characteristic of most mycobacterial species?

    <p>Slow growth with generation times of 8 to 24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hydrophobic surface of mycobacteria contribute to their growth?

    <p>Promotes clumped growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are mycobacterial infections generally characterized?

    <p>They often result in the formation of granulomatous lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about mycobacteria is TRUE?

    <p>They are strictly aerobic and nonmotile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of mycobacterial infections in humans?

    <p>Major tissue destruction due to granulomatous lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA do members of the genus Borrelia possess?

    <p>Linear chromosomal DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for the spirochete B.burgdorferi?

    <p>Mice and small rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must an Ixodes tick be attached for transmission of Lyme disease to occur?

    <p>At least 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the first stage of Lyme disease?

    <p>Erythema chronicum migrans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is leptospirosis primarily transmitted to humans?

    <p>Consumption of infected food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ systems can be affected by L.interrogans during an infection?

    <p>Liver, kidneys, and CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appearance does L.interrogans have under a microscope?

    <p>Slender and tightly coiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common arthropod-transmitted disease in the United States?

    <p>Lyme disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is primarily associated with the causation of primary atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genera of spirochetes is responsible for causing relapsing fever?

    <p>Borrelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of spirochetes aids in their motility?

    <p>Endoflagella oriented axially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary transmission route for Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis?

    <p>Sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum can lead to serious complications if left untreated?

    <p>Pelvic inflammatory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Treponema pallidum is true?

    <p>It is sensitive to disinfectants and heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the shape of spirochetes?

    <p>Corkscrew or helical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spirochete is known to cause Lyme disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

    <p>Non-gonococcal urethritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by Chlamydia psittaci?

    <p>Psittacosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of psittacosis in humans?

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of bacteria do Rickettsia belong to?

    <p>Gram-negative intracellular bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is specifically caused by Coxiella burnetii?

    <p>Q fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics describes Mycoplasmas?

    <p>Lack a peptidoglycan cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Chlamydia is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in humans?

    <p>Chlamydia pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prevalent characteristic of community-acquired infections caused by C. pneumoniae?

    <p>Significant frequency of epidemic outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spirochetes, Mycobacteria, and Other Bacteria

    • Spirochetes, mycobacteria, and other bacteria are diverse groups of microorganisms
    • Mycobacteria are slender rods with lipid-rich cell walls
    • They are acid-fast, meaning they do not easily lose the stain once stained
    • Mycobacterial infections are intracellular and result in granulomatous lesions
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a significant cause of chronic bacterial disease
    • Mycobacteria are long, slender rods, non-motile, and strictly aerobic
    • They have unique lipid-rich cell walls
    • Resistant to drying, but not heat or UV irradiation
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes TB) is a major cause of death globally
    • Mycoplasmas are small prokaryotic organisms, lacking cell walls

    Atypical Bacteria

    • Characteristics of Rickettsia species
    • Characteristics of Ehrlichia species
    • Characteristics of Coxiella species
    • Characteristics of Bartonella species

    Mycobacteria and Actinomycetes

    • Mycobacteria are slender rods with a waxy lipid-rich cell wall
    • Resist staining/difficult to decolorize
    • Mycobacteria are acid fast
    • Mycobacteria reproduce slowly ( 8 - 24 hours)
    • Acid fast example: Mycobacteria Tuberculosis species

    Overview

    • Mycobacteria are acid-fast, rod-shaped bacteria
    • They are characterized by their thick, waxy cell walls
    • Mycobacteria cause significant human diseases like TB
    • Mycobacteria infections result in slow-growing granulomatous lesions
    • Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria
    • They are opportunistic pathogens
    • Nocardia is a significant example of the actinomycetes

    Chlamydiae

    • Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria
    • They require host cells for energy
    • Divided into three species: C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae
    • C. trachomatis causes diseases of the genitourinary tract and eyes
    • C. psittaci causes psittacosis
    • C. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia

    Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

    • TB is frequently found in developing nations
    • People affected with HIV are more likely to have TB
    • Transmission is primarily person-to-person
    • Patients with active TB can transmit the disease through the aerosolized material
    • A single patient may transfer the bacterium to many people

    Primary Disease Initial Phase

    • Primary tuberculosis is acquired through the respiratory tract
    • Bacteria enter a bronchiole or alveolus
    • Phagocytes engulf the bacteria
    • The phagocytosis begins an inflammatory response

    Tuberculosis

    • Signs and symptoms include blood cough, fever, chest pain, chills, long-term cough, weight loss, and night sweats
    • Diagnostic methods include identifying the bacteria in specimens, Nucleic acid amplification PCR, and culture on special agar

    Treatment (TB)

    • Treatment generally takes 8-12 months due to drug resistance
    • Multiple drug therapy is standard
    • Common first-line drugs include Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, and Pyrazinamide

    Prevention (TB)

    • Vaccination and latent TB chemotherapy are frequently used preventative measures
    • Directly observed therapy (DOT) is used for compliance in some cases

    Mycoplasma

    • Mycoplasmas are prokaryotes lacking cell walls
    • They cause respiratory infections and genitourinary diseases (ex: urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and intrapartum infections)

    Spirochetes

    • Spirochetes are long, slender, and motile
    • They are gram-negative bacteria
    • They have a corkscrew or helical shape resulting from the periplasmic flagella
    • Spirochetes can be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic
    • Some are part of the normal human/animal flora

    Medically Important Spirochetes

    • Treponema pallidum causes syphilis
    • Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease
    • Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis

    Treponema Pallidum, Syphilis (Pathology)

    • Primary syphilis: sores (chancres) develop
    • Secondary syphilis: rash, fever, mucous membrane sores
    • Tertiary syphilis: cardiovascular and nervous system damage
    • Fastidious: requires very specific cultivation
    • Diagnosis: dark field microscopy/ immunofluorescence
    • Treatment: penicillin (other antibiotics sometimes used)

    Borrelia Burgdorferi, Lyme Disease (Pathology)

    • Primarily transmitted by tick bite
    • Stage one: erythema migrans (bullseye rash)
    • Stage two: joint related issues , nervous system, cardiac issues
    • Stage three: chronic illness
    • Diagnosed via tests for antibodies
    • Treatment: antibiotics (doxycycline or amoxicillin)

    Leptospira Interrogans, Leptospirosis (Pathology)

    • Transmitted via food or water containing animal urine
    • Early sign: fever
    • Secondary symptoms: liver, kidney, and CNS effects: jaundice, hemorrhage, and meningitis
    • Treatment: penicillinsor doxycycline

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of spirochetes, mycobacteria, and atypical bacteria in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about the unique characteristics, pathogenicity, and clinical significance of these microorganisms, with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Test your knowledge on various bacteria such as Rickettsia and Ehrlichia as well.

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