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Questions and Answers
What pathogen is used to produce the tuberculosis vaccine?
What pathogen is used to produce the tuberculosis vaccine?
What is the primary mode of transmission for leprosy?
What is the primary mode of transmission for leprosy?
Which statement best describes Actinomycetes?
Which statement best describes Actinomycetes?
Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Nocardia infections?
Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Nocardia infections?
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What is a characteristic of Chlamydia bacteria?
What is a characteristic of Chlamydia bacteria?
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Which Chlamydia species is known to cause ocular infections?
Which Chlamydia species is known to cause ocular infections?
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What describes the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium leprae?
What describes the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium leprae?
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What type of environment do Nocardia organisms thrive in?
What type of environment do Nocardia organisms thrive in?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for M.tuberculosis?
What is the primary mode of transmission for M.tuberculosis?
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What percentage of the HIV-infected population in some regions is co-infected with M.tuberculosis?
What percentage of the HIV-infected population in some regions is co-infected with M.tuberculosis?
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What initial site is affected by primary tuberculosis when contracted via the respiratory tract?
What initial site is affected by primary tuberculosis when contracted via the respiratory tract?
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Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug used in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug used in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?
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Why is multiple drug therapy employed in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?
Why is multiple drug therapy employed in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?
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What diagnostic method is commonly used for identifying active pulmonary tuberculosis?
What diagnostic method is commonly used for identifying active pulmonary tuberculosis?
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What strategy is recommended for individuals who test positive for TB but show no symptoms?
What strategy is recommended for individuals who test positive for TB but show no symptoms?
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What phenomenon occurs when an infected person can pass M.tuberculosis to multiple individuals?
What phenomenon occurs when an infected person can pass M.tuberculosis to multiple individuals?
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What characteristic distinguishes mycobacteria in terms of their cell wall composition?
What characteristic distinguishes mycobacteria in terms of their cell wall composition?
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What term is used to describe the staining characteristic of mycobacteria?
What term is used to describe the staining characteristic of mycobacteria?
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Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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What is the primary growth characteristic of most mycobacterial species?
What is the primary growth characteristic of most mycobacterial species?
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What does the hydrophobic surface of mycobacteria contribute to their growth?
What does the hydrophobic surface of mycobacteria contribute to their growth?
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In what way are mycobacterial infections generally characterized?
In what way are mycobacterial infections generally characterized?
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Which statement about mycobacteria is TRUE?
Which statement about mycobacteria is TRUE?
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What is a major consequence of mycobacterial infections in humans?
What is a major consequence of mycobacterial infections in humans?
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What type of DNA do members of the genus Borrelia possess?
What type of DNA do members of the genus Borrelia possess?
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What is the primary reservoir for the spirochete B.burgdorferi?
What is the primary reservoir for the spirochete B.burgdorferi?
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How long must an Ixodes tick be attached for transmission of Lyme disease to occur?
How long must an Ixodes tick be attached for transmission of Lyme disease to occur?
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Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the first stage of Lyme disease?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the first stage of Lyme disease?
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How is leptospirosis primarily transmitted to humans?
How is leptospirosis primarily transmitted to humans?
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What organ systems can be affected by L.interrogans during an infection?
What organ systems can be affected by L.interrogans during an infection?
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What appearance does L.interrogans have under a microscope?
What appearance does L.interrogans have under a microscope?
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What is the most common arthropod-transmitted disease in the United States?
What is the most common arthropod-transmitted disease in the United States?
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Which species is primarily associated with the causation of primary atypical pneumonia?
Which species is primarily associated with the causation of primary atypical pneumonia?
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Which genera of spirochetes is responsible for causing relapsing fever?
Which genera of spirochetes is responsible for causing relapsing fever?
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What structural feature of spirochetes aids in their motility?
What structural feature of spirochetes aids in their motility?
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What is the primary transmission route for Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis?
What is the primary transmission route for Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis?
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Which disease associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum can lead to serious complications if left untreated?
Which disease associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum can lead to serious complications if left untreated?
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Which of the following statements about Treponema pallidum is true?
Which of the following statements about Treponema pallidum is true?
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What characterizes the shape of spirochetes?
What characterizes the shape of spirochetes?
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Which spirochete is known to cause Lyme disease?
Which spirochete is known to cause Lyme disease?
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What is the primary clinical syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
What is the primary clinical syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by Chlamydia psittaci?
Which of the following diseases is caused by Chlamydia psittaci?
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What is a common complication of psittacosis in humans?
What is a common complication of psittacosis in humans?
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What class of bacteria do Rickettsia belong to?
What class of bacteria do Rickettsia belong to?
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Which disease is specifically caused by Coxiella burnetii?
Which disease is specifically caused by Coxiella burnetii?
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Which of the following characteristics describes Mycoplasmas?
Which of the following characteristics describes Mycoplasmas?
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Which type of Chlamydia is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in humans?
Which type of Chlamydia is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in humans?
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What is a prevalent characteristic of community-acquired infections caused by C. pneumoniae?
What is a prevalent characteristic of community-acquired infections caused by C. pneumoniae?
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Study Notes
Spirochetes, Mycobacteria, and Other Bacteria
- Spirochetes, mycobacteria, and other bacteria are diverse groups of microorganisms
- Mycobacteria are slender rods with lipid-rich cell walls
- They are acid-fast, meaning they do not easily lose the stain once stained
- Mycobacterial infections are intracellular and result in granulomatous lesions
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a significant cause of chronic bacterial disease
- Mycobacteria are long, slender rods, non-motile, and strictly aerobic
- They have unique lipid-rich cell walls
- Resistant to drying, but not heat or UV irradiation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes TB) is a major cause of death globally
- Mycoplasmas are small prokaryotic organisms, lacking cell walls
Atypical Bacteria
- Characteristics of Rickettsia species
- Characteristics of Ehrlichia species
- Characteristics of Coxiella species
- Characteristics of Bartonella species
Mycobacteria and Actinomycetes
- Mycobacteria are slender rods with a waxy lipid-rich cell wall
- Resist staining/difficult to decolorize
- Mycobacteria are acid fast
- Mycobacteria reproduce slowly ( 8 - 24 hours)
- Acid fast example: Mycobacteria Tuberculosis species
Overview
- Mycobacteria are acid-fast, rod-shaped bacteria
- They are characterized by their thick, waxy cell walls
- Mycobacteria cause significant human diseases like TB
- Mycobacteria infections result in slow-growing granulomatous lesions
- Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria
- They are opportunistic pathogens
- Nocardia is a significant example of the actinomycetes
Chlamydiae
- Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria
- They require host cells for energy
- Divided into three species: C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae
- C. trachomatis causes diseases of the genitourinary tract and eyes
- C. psittaci causes psittacosis
- C. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia
Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- TB is frequently found in developing nations
- People affected with HIV are more likely to have TB
- Transmission is primarily person-to-person
- Patients with active TB can transmit the disease through the aerosolized material
- A single patient may transfer the bacterium to many people
Primary Disease Initial Phase
- Primary tuberculosis is acquired through the respiratory tract
- Bacteria enter a bronchiole or alveolus
- Phagocytes engulf the bacteria
- The phagocytosis begins an inflammatory response
Tuberculosis
- Signs and symptoms include blood cough, fever, chest pain, chills, long-term cough, weight loss, and night sweats
- Diagnostic methods include identifying the bacteria in specimens, Nucleic acid amplification PCR, and culture on special agar
Treatment (TB)
- Treatment generally takes 8-12 months due to drug resistance
- Multiple drug therapy is standard
- Common first-line drugs include Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, and Pyrazinamide
Prevention (TB)
- Vaccination and latent TB chemotherapy are frequently used preventative measures
- Directly observed therapy (DOT) is used for compliance in some cases
Mycoplasma
- Mycoplasmas are prokaryotes lacking cell walls
- They cause respiratory infections and genitourinary diseases (ex: urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and intrapartum infections)
Spirochetes
- Spirochetes are long, slender, and motile
- They are gram-negative bacteria
- They have a corkscrew or helical shape resulting from the periplasmic flagella
- Spirochetes can be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic
- Some are part of the normal human/animal flora
Medically Important Spirochetes
- Treponema pallidum causes syphilis
- Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease
- Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis
Treponema Pallidum, Syphilis (Pathology)
- Primary syphilis: sores (chancres) develop
- Secondary syphilis: rash, fever, mucous membrane sores
- Tertiary syphilis: cardiovascular and nervous system damage
- Fastidious: requires very specific cultivation
- Diagnosis: dark field microscopy/ immunofluorescence
- Treatment: penicillin (other antibiotics sometimes used)
Borrelia Burgdorferi, Lyme Disease (Pathology)
- Primarily transmitted by tick bite
- Stage one: erythema migrans (bullseye rash)
- Stage two: joint related issues , nervous system, cardiac issues
- Stage three: chronic illness
- Diagnosed via tests for antibodies
- Treatment: antibiotics (doxycycline or amoxicillin)
Leptospira Interrogans, Leptospirosis (Pathology)
- Transmitted via food or water containing animal urine
- Early sign: fever
- Secondary symptoms: liver, kidney, and CNS effects: jaundice, hemorrhage, and meningitis
- Treatment: penicillinsor doxycycline
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of spirochetes, mycobacteria, and atypical bacteria in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about the unique characteristics, pathogenicity, and clinical significance of these microorganisms, with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Test your knowledge on various bacteria such as Rickettsia and Ehrlichia as well.