Microbiology: Spirochetes and Mycobacteria
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Questions and Answers

What pathogen is used to produce the tuberculosis vaccine?

  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Nocardia asteroides
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • Bacille Calmette-Gurin (correct)

What is the primary mode of transmission for leprosy?

  • Ingestion of contaminated food
  • Prolonged contact with skin lesions (correct)
  • Direct contact with mucous membranes
  • Airborne droplets

Which statement best describes Actinomycetes?

  • They are prokaryotes that resemble yeast morphologically.
  • They are obligate intracellular parasites.
  • They are a group of filamentous, branching, gram-positive organisms. (correct)
  • They are exclusively found in aquatic environments.

Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Nocardia infections?

<p>Chronic pneumonia with abscesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Chlamydia bacteria?

<p>They are obligate intracellular parasites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Chlamydia species is known to cause ocular infections?

<p>Chlamydia trachomatis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium leprae?

<p>Requires contact with infected exudates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment do Nocardia organisms thrive in?

<p>Aerobic soil environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for M.tuberculosis?

<p>Inhalation of aerosolized droplets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the HIV-infected population in some regions is co-infected with M.tuberculosis?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial site is affected by primary tuberculosis when contracted via the respiratory tract?

<p>Bronchiole or alveolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug used in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?

<p>Amoxicillin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is multiple drug therapy employed in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?

<p>To prevent resistance development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic method is commonly used for identifying active pulmonary tuberculosis?

<p>Nucleic acid amplification PCR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is recommended for individuals who test positive for TB but show no symptoms?

<p>Latent TB chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when an infected person can pass M.tuberculosis to multiple individuals?

<p>Aerosol transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes mycobacteria in terms of their cell wall composition?

<p>They have a high lipid content. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the staining characteristic of mycobacteria?

<p>Acid-fast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary growth characteristic of most mycobacterial species?

<p>Slow growth with generation times of 8 to 24 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hydrophobic surface of mycobacteria contribute to their growth?

<p>Promotes clumped growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way are mycobacterial infections generally characterized?

<p>They often result in the formation of granulomatous lesions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mycobacteria is TRUE?

<p>They are strictly aerobic and nonmotile. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of mycobacterial infections in humans?

<p>Major tissue destruction due to granulomatous lesions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of DNA do members of the genus Borrelia possess?

<p>Linear chromosomal DNA (B), Linear plasmid DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for the spirochete B.burgdorferi?

<p>Mice and small rodents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long must an Ixodes tick be attached for transmission of Lyme disease to occur?

<p>At least 24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the first stage of Lyme disease?

<p>Erythema chronicum migrans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is leptospirosis primarily transmitted to humans?

<p>Consumption of infected food or water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organ systems can be affected by L.interrogans during an infection?

<p>Liver, kidneys, and CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appearance does L.interrogans have under a microscope?

<p>Slender and tightly coiled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common arthropod-transmitted disease in the United States?

<p>Lyme disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is primarily associated with the causation of primary atypical pneumonia?

<p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genera of spirochetes is responsible for causing relapsing fever?

<p>Borrelia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of spirochetes aids in their motility?

<p>Endoflagella oriented axially (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission route for Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis?

<p>Sexual contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum can lead to serious complications if left untreated?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Treponema pallidum is true?

<p>It is sensitive to disinfectants and heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the shape of spirochetes?

<p>Corkscrew or helical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spirochete is known to cause Lyme disease?

<p>Borrelia burgdorferi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical syndrome caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

<p>Non-gonococcal urethritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by Chlamydia psittaci?

<p>Psittacosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of psittacosis in humans?

<p>Encephalitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of bacteria do Rickettsia belong to?

<p>Gram-negative intracellular bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is specifically caused by Coxiella burnetii?

<p>Q fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics describes Mycoplasmas?

<p>Lack a peptidoglycan cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Chlamydia is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in humans?

<p>Chlamydia pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prevalent characteristic of community-acquired infections caused by C. pneumoniae?

<p>Significant frequency of epidemic outbreaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acid-fast bacteria

Bacteria with waxy cell walls that resist staining but stain intensely once stained, and cannot be easily decolorized.

Mycobacteria

Slender rod-shaped bacteria with unique lipid-rich cell walls.

Mycolic acids

Long-chain fatty acids in mycobacterial cell walls; hydrophobic, and influential on acid-fastness.

Acid-fast staining

A method that highlights mycobacteria by resisting decolorization process using acidified organic solvents after staining.

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Tuberculosis

A chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to granulomatous lesions.

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Granulomatous lesions

Inflammatory collections of immune cells surrounding an infectious agent, leading to tissue damage.

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Mycobacterial infections

Infections caused by mycobacteria often resulting in intracellular, slow-growing granulomatous lesions.

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Aerobic

Referring to a microorganism that need the presence of oxygen to grow

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection prevalence

Estimated 1/3 of the global population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with 30 million currently experiencing active disease.

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Tuberculosis transmission mode

Primarily transmitted through inhaling aerosol droplets created by coughing from infected individuals. Requires repeated or prolonged exposure for infection.

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Primary Tuberculosis location

Initial infection sites in primary TB are often small bronchioles or alveoli in the midlung periphery.

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Diagnosis of active TB methods

Identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis in samples, using nucleic acid amplification (PCR) and culturing methods on special agar plates, are crucial for diagnosis of active pulmonary TB.

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Tuberculosis treatment approach

Multiple drug therapy is used to treat TB, preventing drug resistance. Isoniazid, rifampin and other drugs are commonly used.

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Latent TB treatment

Chemotherapy for individuals who are tuberculin-positive but without symptoms.

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Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)

Treatment approach for TB where healthcare providers directly observe patient adherence to a prolonged drug regimen (usually 6+ months).

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TB Diagnosis Method

Methods to identify the bacteria, including lab testing like nucleic acid amplification and culture.

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Chlamydia Trachomatis

A type of bacteria that can cause a range of infections, including non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the US, and eye infections.

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Trachoma

An ancient eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, prevalent in developing countries.

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Chlamydia Psittaci

A type of bacteria that causes psittacosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected birds.

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Psittacosis

A zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci, transmitted through respiratory secretions or feces of infected birds.

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae

A type of bacteria that causes a respiratory infection leading to pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia.

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Rickettsia

A group of Gram-negative, intracellular bacteria that cause spotted fevers, typhus, and similar illnesses.

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Ehrlichia

A distinct group of bacteria, different from Rickettsia, that cause various illnesses.

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Coxiella burnetii

The bacteria that cause Q fever.

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Spirochetes

Long, slender, motile, gram-negative bacteria with a unique helical shape.

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Periplasmic flagella

Flagella located inside the cell wall of spirochetes, responsible for their corkscrew motion.

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Treponema pallidum

The spirochete responsible for syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection.

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Syphilis

A sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, characterized by progressive stages and potential long-term complications.

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Chancre

The primary lesion of syphilis, appearing as a painless ulcer.

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Treponema pallidum characteristics

Treponema pallidum is a delicate, fastidious bacterium that cannot be easily cultured in the laboratory.

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Fastidious

A microorganism that requires specific and demanding growth conditions.

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Spirochete motility

Spirochetes move through a corkscrew-like motion due to their periplasmic flagella.

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Leprosy

A chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affecting peripheral nerves and skin.

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Transmission of Mycobacterium leprae

Spread occurs through prolonged contact with exudates from leprosy lesions, usually involving abraded skin.

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Actinomycetes

A diverse group of gram-positive bacteria with branching filaments, superficially resembling fungi.

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Nocardia

A genus of aerobic bacteria found in soil, commonly causing opportunistic infections in humans and animals.

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Chlamydia

A genus of small bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they need a host cell to survive.

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T. pallidum Vaccine?

There is currently no vaccine available to prevent infection with Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis.

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Borrelia burgdorferi

A spirochete bacteria that causes Lyme disease, transmitted through the bite of infected ticks.

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Lyme Disease Transmission

Lyme disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, specifically Ixodes species. The tick must remain attached for at least 24 hours for transmission to occur.

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Lyme Disease Stage 1

The first stage of Lyme disease typically starts 3-32 days after a tick bite. A distinctive red, circular lesion with a clear center called erythema chronicum migrans appears at the bite site.

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Leptospira interrogans

A slender, tightly coiled spirochete that causes leptospirosis, a disease primarily transmitted through contaminated water or food with animal urine.

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Leptospirosis Transmission

Leptospirosis is primarily transmitted through contact with contaminated water or food sources that have been in contact with animal urine.

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Leptospirosis Symptoms

Leptospirosis symptoms include fever, jaundice, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, and aseptic meningitis, often appearing one to two weeks after infection.

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Borrelia Species DNA

Borrelia species are unique among bacteria because they have linear rather than circular plasmid and chromosomal DNA.

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Study Notes

Spirochetes, Mycobacteria, and Other Bacteria

  • Spirochetes, mycobacteria, and other bacteria are diverse groups of microorganisms
  • Mycobacteria are slender rods with lipid-rich cell walls
  • They are acid-fast, meaning they do not easily lose the stain once stained
  • Mycobacterial infections are intracellular and result in granulomatous lesions
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a significant cause of chronic bacterial disease
  • Mycobacteria are long, slender rods, non-motile, and strictly aerobic
  • They have unique lipid-rich cell walls
  • Resistant to drying, but not heat or UV irradiation
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes TB) is a major cause of death globally
  • Mycoplasmas are small prokaryotic organisms, lacking cell walls

Atypical Bacteria

  • Characteristics of Rickettsia species
  • Characteristics of Ehrlichia species
  • Characteristics of Coxiella species
  • Characteristics of Bartonella species

Mycobacteria and Actinomycetes

  • Mycobacteria are slender rods with a waxy lipid-rich cell wall
  • Resist staining/difficult to decolorize
  • Mycobacteria are acid fast
  • Mycobacteria reproduce slowly ( 8 - 24 hours)
  • Acid fast example: Mycobacteria Tuberculosis species

Overview

  • Mycobacteria are acid-fast, rod-shaped bacteria
  • They are characterized by their thick, waxy cell walls
  • Mycobacteria cause significant human diseases like TB
  • Mycobacteria infections result in slow-growing granulomatous lesions
  • Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria
  • They are opportunistic pathogens
  • Nocardia is a significant example of the actinomycetes

Chlamydiae

  • Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria
  • They require host cells for energy
  • Divided into three species: C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae
  • C. trachomatis causes diseases of the genitourinary tract and eyes
  • C. psittaci causes psittacosis
  • C. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia

Epidemiology of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

  • TB is frequently found in developing nations
  • People affected with HIV are more likely to have TB
  • Transmission is primarily person-to-person
  • Patients with active TB can transmit the disease through the aerosolized material
  • A single patient may transfer the bacterium to many people

Primary Disease Initial Phase

  • Primary tuberculosis is acquired through the respiratory tract
  • Bacteria enter a bronchiole or alveolus
  • Phagocytes engulf the bacteria
  • The phagocytosis begins an inflammatory response

Tuberculosis

  • Signs and symptoms include blood cough, fever, chest pain, chills, long-term cough, weight loss, and night sweats
  • Diagnostic methods include identifying the bacteria in specimens, Nucleic acid amplification PCR, and culture on special agar

Treatment (TB)

  • Treatment generally takes 8-12 months due to drug resistance
  • Multiple drug therapy is standard
  • Common first-line drugs include Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, and Pyrazinamide

Prevention (TB)

  • Vaccination and latent TB chemotherapy are frequently used preventative measures
  • Directly observed therapy (DOT) is used for compliance in some cases

Mycoplasma

  • Mycoplasmas are prokaryotes lacking cell walls
  • They cause respiratory infections and genitourinary diseases (ex: urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and intrapartum infections)

Spirochetes

  • Spirochetes are long, slender, and motile
  • They are gram-negative bacteria
  • They have a corkscrew or helical shape resulting from the periplasmic flagella
  • Spirochetes can be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic
  • Some are part of the normal human/animal flora

Medically Important Spirochetes

  • Treponema pallidum causes syphilis
  • Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease
  • Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis

Treponema Pallidum, Syphilis (Pathology)

  • Primary syphilis: sores (chancres) develop
  • Secondary syphilis: rash, fever, mucous membrane sores
  • Tertiary syphilis: cardiovascular and nervous system damage
  • Fastidious: requires very specific cultivation
  • Diagnosis: dark field microscopy/ immunofluorescence
  • Treatment: penicillin (other antibiotics sometimes used)

Borrelia Burgdorferi, Lyme Disease (Pathology)

  • Primarily transmitted by tick bite
  • Stage one: erythema migrans (bullseye rash)
  • Stage two: joint related issues , nervous system, cardiac issues
  • Stage three: chronic illness
  • Diagnosed via tests for antibodies
  • Treatment: antibiotics (doxycycline or amoxicillin)

Leptospira Interrogans, Leptospirosis (Pathology)

  • Transmitted via food or water containing animal urine
  • Early sign: fever
  • Secondary symptoms: liver, kidney, and CNS effects: jaundice, hemorrhage, and meningitis
  • Treatment: penicillinsor doxycycline

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Explore the fascinating world of spirochetes, mycobacteria, and atypical bacteria in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about the unique characteristics, pathogenicity, and clinical significance of these microorganisms, with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Test your knowledge on various bacteria such as Rickettsia and Ehrlichia as well.

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