Microbiology Quiz: Viruses and Bacteria
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Questions and Answers

What type of microscope is required to see viruses?

  • Light microscope
  • Phase contrast microscope
  • Optical microscope
  • Electron microscope (correct)

Which of the following are examples of acellular microbes?

  • Viroids (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Prions (correct)

In the classification of microorganisms, which is the correct order?

  • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order (correct)
  • Class, Family, Order, Genus
  • Kingdom, Order, Family, Class
  • Kingdom, Class, Order, Family

How many membrane-bound organelles does a prokaryotic cell contain?

<p>Zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is used to measure bacteria?

<p>Micrometers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between HIV and AIDS?

<p>HIV attacks T-cells; AIDS is a progression of HIV. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is gram staining important in microbiology?

<p>It assists in proper bacterial identification and antibiotic prescription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shapes describes bacillus bacteria?

<p>Rod-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the uncoating phase of a viral infection?

<p>The virus capsid is stripped off and genetic material enters the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do viruses direct the host cell to synthesize enzymes for new viral substances?

<p>Biosynthesis phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods by which a virus can leave the host cell?

<p>Lysis and slow excretion from the host cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is NOT part of a virus?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shapes can viruses have?

<p>Spiral and complex geometric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is an example of an RNA virus?

<p>Rubivirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a latent viral infection?

<p>The virus remains hidden and does not reproduce immediately. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of viruses is determined by the type of genome they possess?

<p>True (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of medications that must be prescribed in writing and has a lower abuse potential than schedule 2?

<p>CNS depressants with limited refills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which FDA pregnancy category indicates that studies have demonstrated no fetal risk?

<p>Category B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an emetic?

<p>To induce vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a drug that decreases the advance of disease?

<p>Curative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'IV' stand for in medical terminology?

<p>Intravenous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dietary supplement and a nutraceutical?

<p>DS contains only vitamins, N is broader (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications falls under the classification that has no refills after six months and must be prescribed with caution?

<p>Librium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'prophylactic' refer to in medical terminology?

<p>A preventive measure against disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of facultative anaerobes?

<p>They can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way pathogens cause disease?

<p>Exhibiting Flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT associated with viruses?

<p>They replicate independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification criterion is NOT used for viruses?

<p>Type of cellular respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase in the multiplication process of an animal virus?

<p>Adsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows a virus to penetrate a host cell?

<p>Virus envelope interacting with host membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of microbes falls under eukaryotes?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication for the use of nitrous oxide?

<p>Gags easily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time from injection to effective conduction blockage known as?

<p>Induction time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with corticosteroids?

<p>Atrophy of the adrenal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which local anesthetic is known for producing consistent vasoconstriction?

<p>Cocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does local anesthetic do to sodium (Na) and potassium (K)?

<p>Inhibits their movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule of two in relation to adrenocorticosteroids?

<p>Patients on steroids should double their dose when ill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about local anesthesia (LA) is true?

<p>Amides are metabolized in the liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is it considered appropriate to supplement nitrous oxide for general anesthesia?

<p>In some cases, especially in the operating room (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of palliative medication?

<p>To provide pain relief and soothe symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is known for providing the fastest onset of action?

<p>IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of the enteral route of medication administration?

<p>Inactivation by stomach acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are narcotics required to have for official use?

<p>A written prescription (RX) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for documentation when administering medication under a dentist's order?

<p>Documenting after every visit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked before retrieving a drug from storage?

<p>The expiration date of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a major difference between Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the pharmacopeia?

<p>Volume 1 sets drug standards, and Volume 2 provides drug information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is an example of a curative treatment?

<p>Antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What type of microscope can view viruses?

A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a sample, allowing for visualization of very small objects like viruses.

Prions

An acellular microbe that causes mad cow disease.

Order of Microorganism Classification

The arrangement of classification for microorganisms, starting with the broadest category and going to the most specific.

How many membrane-bound organelles do prokaryotic cells contain?

Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other internal organelles, unlike eukaryotic cells.

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What unit is used to measure bacteria?

The standard unit of measurement for bacteria, which is 1/1000th of a millimeter.

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HIV

A virus that attacks T-cells, weakening the immune system.

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AIDS

A disease caused by HIV, characterized by a severely weakened immune system, making the body vulnerable to infections.

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What is the significance of Gram staining?

A staining technique that differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure, helping to identify the bacteria and prescribe appropriate antibiotics.

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Facultative Anaerobes

Organisms that can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but thrive best in aerobic environments.

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How pathogens cause disease

Pathogens utilize their structural components, like capsules, pili, and endotoxins, to cause disease. They also secrete exotoxins and exoenzymes, which destroy cells and tissues.

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5 Properties of a Virus

Viruses are not cells and lack the machinery for independent replication. They depend on the host cell's machinery for their own replication.

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Prokaryotic Cell

Prokaryotes, like bacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles, reproduce through binary fission, and move using flagella.

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Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cells, like animal and plant cells, have membrane-bound organelles, reproduce through mitosis and meiosis, and move using flagella or cilia.

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Classifications of Viruses

Viruses can be classified based on their genetic material (DNA or RNA), capsid shape, number of capsomeres, envelope presence, host infected, disease caused, targeted cells, and immune properties.

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Attachment Phase of Viral Multiplication

The attachment phase is critical for viral infection, requiring the virus to attach itself to a specific host cell receptor.

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Penetration Phase of Viral Multiplication

The penetration phase involves the virus entering the host cell, either through fusion with the host cell membrane or by direct entry.

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Uncoating (Eclipse) Phase

The stage in viral replication where the virus's genetic material (DNA or RNA) enters the host cell, while the protein coat is removed. The virus is not detectable at this stage.

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Biosynthesis Phase

The stage where the virus takes control of the host cell's machinery to produce more viral components. This includes synthesizing enzymes and altering the host cell's genetic material.

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Assembly Phase

Newly produced viral nucleic acids and proteins self-assemble into complete virus particles.

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Release Phase

Viruses leave the host cell, either by causing the cell's membrane to break down (lysis), or by gradually releasing virus particles while the host cell remains intact.

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Capsid

A protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus. It provides protection and helps the virus bind to host cells.

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Capsomere

The basic building block of the capsid. Many capsomeres combine to form the capsid.

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Overview of Viral Spread

These are the steps involved in viral infection: 1. Attachment to the host cell, 2. Penetration of the cell membrane, 3. Replication using the host cell's machinery, 4. Assembly into new viral particles, 5. Release from the host cell.

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Bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacteria. They are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only reproduce inside a host cell.

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Schedule III Drug

A drug prescribed by a doctor for medical purposes, but with a potential for abuse, categorized as less addictive than Schedule II drugs. Examples include Tylenol #3 and Vicodin.

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Schedule IV Drug

A drug prescribed by a doctor for medical purposes, with a lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs. Examples include diazepam and Librium.

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Schedule V Drug

A drug prescribed by a doctor for medical purposes, considered the least addictive. Examples include antitussive or anti-diarrheal medications.

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Adverse Drug Effect

A harmful effect caused by a medication or drug.

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Due Care

The careful and responsible practice of a doctor when prescribing medications. It involves a thorough understanding of the patient's medical history and the properties of the drug being prescribed.

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Curative Medication

A medication that aims to slow down or stop the progression of a disease.

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Antiemetic

A medication that reduces or prevents nausea and vomiting.

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Emetic

A medication that induces vomiting.

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Palliative

Relieving pain, for example using an antitussive to relieve coughing.

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Analgesics

Drugs that control pain, for example a headache.

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Decongestant

A medication used to clear congested sinuses and open airways.

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Route of administration

The route of administration can affect how quickly a medication takes effect.

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Intravenous (IV) administration

The most rapid route of administration, with the most immediate onset of action.

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Enteral route of administration

A disadvantage of oral administration where the medication is broken down by stomach acids, leading to less effective absorption.

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IV administration disadvantages

A disadvantage of IV administration, where medication cannot be retrieved once administered, increasing risk of allergic reaction or side effects.

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Induction Time (Local Anesthesia)

The time elapsed between the injection of a local anesthetic and its effective conduction blockage. In other words, it's the time it takes the anesthetic to work and numb the area.

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Duration (Local Anesthesia)

The duration of time from the initiation of local anesthetic conduction blockage until its effect wears off. It's how long the numbness lasts.

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Paresthesia (Local Anesthesia)

Persistent numbness or anesthesia caused by injury to the nerve sheath, bleeding around the nerve, or contamination of the anesthetic.

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Nitrous Oxide (Indications)

A common dental practice, nitrous oxide is used to reduce anxiety, gagging, pain, and to help patients tolerate long procedures.

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Nitrous Oxide (General Anesthesia)

Nitrous oxide can be used safely as a supplement during general anesthesia, especially in operating rooms.

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Nitrous Oxide (Advantages)

Nitrous oxide is known for its rapid onset of action, minimal side effects, quick recovery time, and easy administration.

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Corticosteroids

Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that, if used long-term, can suppress the body's natural production of these hormones, leading to adrenal gland atrophy.

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Rule of Two (Corticosteroids)

This rule refers to the increased risk of adrenal insufficiency in patients taking corticosteroids when faced with stressful situations. They may need additional steroid supplements.

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Study Notes

Bio Final Exam Summary

  • Microorganisms (Microbes) are Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, and Algae.
  • Acellular microbes are non-living, including Viruses and Prions.
  • Cellular microbe are living microbes like Bacteria, Archaea, some Algae, Protozoa, and some Fungi.
  • Pathogens are harmful infectious agents; only about 3% are pathogenic.
  • Opportunistic pathogens can cause disease if the host has a weakened immune system.
  • Nonpathogens are helpful microbes, such as those in the indigenous microflora, that help prevent growth of pathogens.
  • Decomposers (Saprophytes) break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients.
  • Immunology is the study of protection from disease, including sterilization.
  • Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
  • Virology is the study of viruses.
  • Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
  • Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
  • Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other.
  • Microbiology includes the study of Protozoa, fungi, algae (Phycology), and organisms that live off of dead and decaying matter (Saphophytes). Organisms like amoeba, use false feet, pseudopods to move.
  • Virulent bacteriophages cause a lytic cycle and completely destroy a bacterial cell.

Infectious Disease vs. Microbial Intoxication

  • Infectious Disease occurs when a pathogen colonizes the body.
  • Microbial Intoxication happens when a toxin produced by a pathogen is consumed.

Microbial Transfer

  • Pathogens can be transferred between healthcare providers and patients through contaminated items, clothes, and food.

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Description

Test your knowledge of microbiology with this quiz focused on viruses and bacteria. Questions cover topics such as acellular microbes, cell structures, and viral infections. Perfect for students studying microbiology or related fields!

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