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Questions and Answers
Cephalosporins are grouped into ____ and are all part of the larger class of antibiotics known as _____.
Cephalosporins are grouped into ____ and are all part of the larger class of antibiotics known as _____.
- four generations, beta-lactams (correct)
- three generations, aminosides
- two generations, macrolides
- five generations, tetracyclines
Which cephalosporin generation has activity against S. aureus strains?
Which cephalosporin generation has activity against S. aureus strains?
- Third-generation
- Fifth-generation (correct)
- First-generation
- Second-generation
Use of high doses of which antibiotic has been associated with biliary sludging?
Use of high doses of which antibiotic has been associated with biliary sludging?
- Tetracycline
- Azithromycin
- Ceftriaxone (correct)
- Gentamicin
Which antibiotic is the first-line treatment for plague and tularemia?
Which antibiotic is the first-line treatment for plague and tularemia?
Aminoglycosides are lethal to which of these organisms?
Aminoglycosides are lethal to which of these organisms?
Streptomycin resistance develops rapidly through which mechanisms?
Streptomycin resistance develops rapidly through which mechanisms?
Which antibiotic is used to treat children with enteritis caused by pathogenic E. coli strains?
Which antibiotic is used to treat children with enteritis caused by pathogenic E. coli strains?
Gentamicin and Tobramycin are used to treat all the following bacterial types except?
Gentamicin and Tobramycin are used to treat all the following bacterial types except?
Which mechanism is used by chlorophenecol to act as an antibiotic?
Which mechanism is used by chlorophenecol to act as an antibiotic?
What is the bacterial classification of campylobacter jejuni?
What is the bacterial classification of campylobacter jejuni?
Which of the following antibiotics does not work by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit?
Which of the following antibiotics does not work by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit?
Which penicillin antibiotics need to be administered via injection?
Which penicillin antibiotics need to be administered via injection?
Which of the following is not an antistaphylococcal antibiotic?
Which of the following is not an antistaphylococcal antibiotic?
Kanamycin is produced by which bacteria?
Kanamycin is produced by which bacteria?
Cephalosporins derived from which original compound were isolated from Streptomyces lactamdurans?
Cephalosporins derived from which original compound were isolated from Streptomyces lactamdurans?
Which of the following is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic?
Which of the following is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic?
Which of the following drugs are considered nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?
Which of the following drugs are considered nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?
What type of action does the combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin produce?
What type of action does the combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin produce?
Which drug does NOT inhibit peptidoglycan synthase?
Which drug does NOT inhibit peptidoglycan synthase?
Which of the following antibiotics does NOT have a structure with a large four-ring nucleus and three side chains?
Which of the following antibiotics does NOT have a structure with a large four-ring nucleus and three side chains?
Which of the following is a known side effect of tetracyclines?
Which of the following is a known side effect of tetracyclines?
Upon removing the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, what term is used?
Upon removing the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, what term is used?
What contributes to Enterococcus faecalis antibiotic resistance?
What contributes to Enterococcus faecalis antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following is NOT included in the extended-spectrum penicillins category?
Which of the following is NOT included in the extended-spectrum penicillins category?
Vancomycin belongs to which group of antibiotics?
Vancomycin belongs to which group of antibiotics?
Which of the following antibiotics is used against Pseudomonas?
Which of the following antibiotics is used against Pseudomonas?
In which growth phase do microorganisms typically produce antibiotics?
In which growth phase do microorganisms typically produce antibiotics?
Keflex belongs to which group of antibiotics?
Keflex belongs to which group of antibiotics?
Which enzyme does Trimethoprim selectively inhibit?
Which enzyme does Trimethoprim selectively inhibit?
Which antibiotic acts on the bacterial ribosome?
Which antibiotic acts on the bacterial ribosome?
Which negative side effect is potentially fatal when using penicillins?
Which negative side effect is potentially fatal when using penicillins?
Which antibiotic group is characterized by containing diverse aminoglycosides?
Which antibiotic group is characterized by containing diverse aminoglycosides?
Which category of bacteria are aminoglycosides effective against?
Which category of bacteria are aminoglycosides effective against?
What leads to the rapid development of resistance against streptomycin?
What leads to the rapid development of resistance against streptomycin?
Which antibiotic is used to treat children with enteritis caused by pathogenic strains of E. Coli?
Which antibiotic is used to treat children with enteritis caused by pathogenic strains of E. Coli?
What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?
What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?
Which enzymes cross-link peptidoglycan polymers?
Which enzymes cross-link peptidoglycan polymers?
Gentamicin and tobramycin are used to treat all the following bacterial types except:
Gentamicin and tobramycin are used to treat all the following bacterial types except:
The 70S bacterial ribosome consists of which subunits?
The 70S bacterial ribosome consists of which subunits?
What is one mechanism by which bacteria can resist aminoglycoside antibiotics?
What is one mechanism by which bacteria can resist aminoglycoside antibiotics?
Which of the following drugs is not an aminoglycoside?
Which of the following drugs is not an aminoglycoside?
What does MIC measure?
What does MIC measure?
Which class does cephalosporins belong to?
Which class does cephalosporins belong to?
Which fifth-generation cephalosporins act against?
Which fifth-generation cephalosporins act against?
Natural penicillins are NOT effective against:
Natural penicillins are NOT effective against:
Why are beta-lactam antibiotics ineffective against fungi?
Why are beta-lactam antibiotics ineffective against fungi?
Cephalosporins are grouped into how many generations?
Cephalosporins are grouped into how many generations?
Fifth-generation cephalosporins have activity against which bacterial strain?
Fifth-generation cephalosporins have activity against which bacterial strain?
High doses of which drug are associated with biliary sludging?
High doses of which drug are associated with biliary sludging?
Which antibiotic is the drug of choice for treating infections caused by plague and tularemia?
Which antibiotic is the drug of choice for treating infections caused by plague and tularemia?
Which bacteria are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?
Which bacteria are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?
What is a common mechanism bacteria use to develop resistance against streptomycin?
What is a common mechanism bacteria use to develop resistance against streptomycin?
Which antibiotic is used to treat children with intestinal infections caused by pathogenic strains of E. coli?
Which antibiotic is used to treat children with intestinal infections caused by pathogenic strains of E. coli?
Gentamicin and tobramycin are used to treat all the following bacteria except?
Gentamicin and tobramycin are used to treat all the following bacteria except?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes:
Antibiotics
Bactericidal Antibiotics
- Aminoglycosides (e.g. streptomycin) are bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and some Gram-negative bacteria
- Polymyxins (e.g. polymyxin-a) are bactericidal against Gram-negative bacteria
Antibacterial Resistance
- Bacteria develop resistance to streptomycin through:
- Mutations
- Inhibition of drug transport into the cell
- Production of enzymes that inactivate the drug
- Resistance to streptomycin can develop rapidly
Antibiotic Classes
- Penicillins (e.g. ampicillin) are effective against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria
- Tetracyclines (e.g. tetracycline) are effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
- Aminoglycosides (e.g. streptomycin) are effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
- Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) are effective against Gram-positive bacteria
- Cephalosporins are grouped into generations (first, second, third, fourth, fifth) and are part of the larger class of antibiotics known as beta-lactams
- Fifth-generation cephalosporins have activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains
Antibiotic Uses
- Tetracycline is the first choice for treating plague and tularemia
- Aminoglycosides are used to treat urinary tract infections and pneumonia
- Polymyxins are used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
- Cephalosporins are used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Antibiotic Side Effects
- High doses of cephalosporins have been associated with biliary sludging
- Tetracyclines can cause tooth discoloration in children
- Aminoglycosides can cause hearing loss and kidney damage
Antibiotic Mechanisms
- Beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins) act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
- Aminoglycosides act by inhibiting protein synthesis
- Macrolides act by inhibiting protein synthesis
Antibiotic Sources
- Antibiotics can be derived from bacteria (e.g. Streptomyces), fungi (e.g. Penicillium), or semi-synthetically produced
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