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Questions and Answers
At what temperature do most Haemophilus species grow best?
At what temperature do most Haemophilus species grow best?
Which Haemophilus species requires an increased supply of CO2 for growth?
Which Haemophilus species requires an increased supply of CO2 for growth?
What type of agar is used for isolating H.influenzae?
What type of agar is used for isolating H.influenzae?
Which of the following is true regarding Brucella species?
Which of the following is true regarding Brucella species?
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What is the preferred specimen for isolation of Haemophilus species?
What is the preferred specimen for isolation of Haemophilus species?
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How does H.aegypticus appear under microscopy?
How does H.aegypticus appear under microscopy?
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Which of the following cultures would show colonies that are non-haemolytic and yellowish?
Which of the following cultures would show colonies that are non-haemolytic and yellowish?
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What type of bacteria does the HACEK group consist of?
What type of bacteria does the HACEK group consist of?
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Which of the following characteristics apply to Legionella species?
Which of the following characteristics apply to Legionella species?
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What is a significant virulence factor of Pasteurella species?
What is a significant virulence factor of Pasteurella species?
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Which of the following serogroups is not associated with Legionnaire's disease?
Which of the following serogroups is not associated with Legionnaire's disease?
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Which culture medium is preferred for isolating Legionella pneumophila?
Which culture medium is preferred for isolating Legionella pneumophila?
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What is a characteristic growth appearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culture?
What is a characteristic growth appearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culture?
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Legionella pneumophila is primarily isolated from which of the following environments?
Legionella pneumophila is primarily isolated from which of the following environments?
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Which biochemical test result is positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Which biochemical test result is positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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What microscopic appearance is characteristic of Legionella species?
What microscopic appearance is characteristic of Legionella species?
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Which of the following factors is a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium species?
Which of the following factors is a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium species?
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Which of the following statements about Pasteurella multocida is true?
Which of the following statements about Pasteurella multocida is true?
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What is the primary function of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine?
What is the primary function of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine?
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Which biochemical test result is characteristic of Legionella species?
Which biochemical test result is characteristic of Legionella species?
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Which rapid method is effective for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Which rapid method is effective for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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How do Mycobacterium species generally respond to heat, cold, and drying?
How do Mycobacterium species generally respond to heat, cold, and drying?
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Which of the following describes the morphology of Mycobacterium species?
Which of the following describes the morphology of Mycobacterium species?
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What is the specific gravity range of Mycobacterium species?
What is the specific gravity range of Mycobacterium species?
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What is a common environmental source of avium complex infections?
What is a common environmental source of avium complex infections?
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Which test is used to differentiate avium complex based on biochemical properties?
Which test is used to differentiate avium complex based on biochemical properties?
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What type of colonies does avium complex typically produce in culture?
What type of colonies does avium complex typically produce in culture?
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In patients without AIDS, what type of infections are most commonly associated with avium complex?
In patients without AIDS, what type of infections are most commonly associated with avium complex?
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What is the primary infection caused by avium complex in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients?
What is the primary infection caused by avium complex in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients?
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How is M. xenopi commonly transmitted?
How is M. xenopi commonly transmitted?
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What type of disease is less common in patients with AIDS when infected with avium complex?
What type of disease is less common in patients with AIDS when infected with avium complex?
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What growth temperature is optimal for the avium complex?
What growth temperature is optimal for the avium complex?
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What type of infections are associated with Mycobacterium ulcerans?
What type of infections are associated with Mycobacterium ulcerans?
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In what type of climate do infections from Mycobacterium ulcerans commonly occur?
In what type of climate do infections from Mycobacterium ulcerans commonly occur?
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Where has Mycobacterium xenopi been recovered from?
Where has Mycobacterium xenopi been recovered from?
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What is a potential outcome of Mycobacterium xenopi infection in immunocompromised adults?
What is a potential outcome of Mycobacterium xenopi infection in immunocompromised adults?
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What infectious condition is associated with Mycobacterium terrae?
What infectious condition is associated with Mycobacterium terrae?
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How is Mycobacterium ulcerans primarily transmitted?
How is Mycobacterium ulcerans primarily transmitted?
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Which age group most commonly experiences mild skin infections from Mycobacterium?
Which age group most commonly experiences mild skin infections from Mycobacterium?
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What is the initial host from which Mycobacterium ulcerans was first isolated?
What is the initial host from which Mycobacterium ulcerans was first isolated?
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What is the positive result of the iron uptake test for mycobacteria?
What is the positive result of the iron uptake test for mycobacteria?
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Which organism can be differentiated from others using the urease test?
Which organism can be differentiated from others using the urease test?
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At what optimal temperature does M.kansasii grow?
At what optimal temperature does M.kansasii grow?
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What color change signifies a positive urease test within three days?
What color change signifies a positive urease test within three days?
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Which organism is known to be incapable of growth in artificial culture media?
Which organism is known to be incapable of growth in artificial culture media?
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What is a significant source of infection for leprosy?
What is a significant source of infection for leprosy?
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What is the significance of the p-nitroacethylamino-B-hydroxypropiophenone in the NAP inhibition test?
What is the significance of the p-nitroacethylamino-B-hydroxypropiophenone in the NAP inhibition test?
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What distinct arrangement is characteristic of rod-shaped mycobacteria like M.kansasii?
What distinct arrangement is characteristic of rod-shaped mycobacteria like M.kansasii?
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Study Notes
Small, Pleomorphic, Gram-Negative Bacilli
- Haemophilus species are "blood-loving"
- Obligate parasites on human mucous membranes
- Primarily inhabit the upper respiratory tract (URT)
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a leading cause of meningitis in unvaccinated children
- Haemophilus ducreyi causes chancroid, a highly communicable sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease
- Fastidious bacteria requiring specific growth factors (X and V factors)
Haemophilus Species
- Haemophilus are small, pleomorphic, gram negative bacilli
- Rapidly die in clinical specimens and are susceptible to drying and extreme temperatures.
- Grow best at 35-37°C with 5-10% CO2
- Various growth factors depending on the species
Differential Characteristics of Haemophilus Species
- Various species have differentiating characteristics
- Different infections can be caused by different species
- Diagnostic tests and cultures need to be applied as appropriate to each species
Brucella spp.
- Species of this genus are important human and animal pathogens
- Obligate intracellular parasites with various subtypes, which have different infections associated.
- Difficult to culture under standard conditions.
- Can infect specific tissues amongst humans, which is useful in differentiation
- Pathogens are spread through various exposure paths.
Francisella tularensis
- Category A select bioterrorism agent, non-motile, gram-negative
- Causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
- Transmitted primarily through vectors like insect bites
- Requires biosafety level 3 conditions for lab work.
Legionella
- Fastidious, aerobic motile, and non-carbohydrate fermenter
- Legionnaire's disease and Pontiac fever are caused by L. pneumophilia
- Infection typically acquired through inhalation of water droplets from contaminated sources.
- Can replicate within certain types of protozoa.
Pasteurella
- Facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile
- Associated typically with animal bites, particularly those from cats or dogs.
Bordetella
- Causes whooping cough (pertussis)
- Highly contagious, affecting the upper respiratory tract
- Characterized by three distinct stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent.
Mycobacteria
- Mycobacteria are non-motile, non-spore forming, acid-fast bacilli, which are resistant to various disinfectants
- Slow-growing mycobacteria take multiple weeks or months to grow.
- The two common groups are the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (M. tuberculosis itself, as well as others) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM).
Spirochetes
- Spirochetes are an unusual group of bacteria (genus Treponema)
- Exhibit unique motility patterns and spiral shape
- Syphilis, relapsing fever, and Lyme disease are all caused by spirochete species
- Different species have various reservoirs
- Can be detected using dark-field microscopy.
Anaerobic Bacteria
- Anaerobes are bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen.
- They are found in soil, in freshwater and seawater sediments, etc.
- Anaerobes are grouped as either endogenous, which exist inside animals, or exogenous, which exist outside of animals.
- Endogenous anaerobes are found in the gut, oral cavity or other human tissues.
- Exogenous forms from environment are more likely from animal bites, wounds or exposure to contaminated soil or water, typically Clostridium spp.
- Indicators include presence of sulfur granules, foul odor when opened, double zone of hemolysis, brick red fluorescence or absence of superoxide, etc
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Description
Test your knowledge on Haemophilus and Legionella species, including their growth requirements, isolation techniques, and characteristics. This quiz covers essential microbiological concepts and culturing methods used in clinical laboratories.
