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Questions and Answers
What is the science of minute organisms called?
What is the science of minute organisms called?
Microbiology
What type of organisms can microorganisms be classified into?
What type of organisms can microorganisms be classified into?
Eukaryotes have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotes have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
True
What is the size range for bacteria measured in micrometers (µm)?
What is the size range for bacteria measured in micrometers (µm)?
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Match the following bacterial shapes with their names:
Match the following bacterial shapes with their names:
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Viruses have a cell structure.
Viruses have a cell structure.
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What genetic material is contained in the nucleoid of a bacterial cell?
What genetic material is contained in the nucleoid of a bacterial cell?
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Which of the following structures is not present in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is not present in prokaryotic cells?
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What are ribosomes responsible for in prokaryotic cells?
What are ribosomes responsible for in prokaryotic cells?
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Bacteria are usually measured in ______.
Bacteria are usually measured in ______.
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Study Notes
Microbiology
- The study of microorganisms, too small to be seen by the naked eye.
- Microorganisms are generally unicellular, meaning the entire organism is a single cell.
- Each cell carries out all functions for survival and propagation.
- Microorganisms are either eukaryotes (e.g. fungi) or prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria).
Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes are larger than Prokaryotes.
- Eukaryotes have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, while Prokaryotes have a nucleoid.
- Eukaryotes have enclosed organelles, such as mitochondria, while Prokaryotes lack these.
Viruses
- The smallest infectious agents.
- They are acellular, meaning they lack a cell structure.
- Require the biological machinery of a host cell to reproduce and survive.
General Bacteriology
- Bacteria are unicellular organisms.
- Bacteria cell morphology is described by its size, shape, staining properties, arrangement, motility, capsule presence, and capability to form spores.
Bacterial Size
- Measured in micrometers (µm).
- Can range from 0.2-1.2 µm in width and 0.4-14 µm in length.
Bacterial Shape
- Bacteria have three basic shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spiral forms.
- Some bacteria can have variable shapes and are termed pleomorphic.
Bacterial Arrangement
- Arrangement depends on the plane of cell division.
- Cocci can form pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), or irregular clusters (staphylococci).
- Bacilli can form pairs, chains, or no special arrangement.
Bacterial Staining
- Staining techniques help visualize bacteria under a microscope.
- Different types of stains are used based on the bacterial cell wall composition, allowing identification of bacterial types.
Bacterial Structures
- Bacteria have both internal (cytoplasmic) and external structures.
- Cytoplasmic Structures: These include the nucleoid (containing DNA), ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis), and inclusion granules (storage spaces for nutrients).
- External Structures: These include the cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili (fimbriae).
- Nucleoid: Contains a single circular molecule of double-stranded DNA.
- Plasmids: Additional genetic information, present in some bacteria, are extrachromosomal double-stranded circular DNA molecules.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell.
- Inclusion granules: Function for the storage of nutrients, including phosphates, sulfur, and carbohydrates.
Bacterial Coats
- Cell membrane: Internal to the cell wall and functions as a selectively permeable barrier.
- Cell wall: Provides structural support and shape.
- Capsule: Outermost layer providing protection and aiding adherence.
- Flagella: Long, whip-like appendages aiding in motility.
- Pili (Fimbriae): Short, hair-like structures for attachment and conjugation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on microbiology, focusing on the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, as well as the characteristics of viruses and bacteria. This quiz covers various aspects of microorganisms, their structures, and functions in more detail. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these essential life forms!
