Microbiology Quiz: Bacteria and Archaea
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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a type of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Transduction
  • Conjugation
  • Transformation

    • What is the primary difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

  • The thickness of their peptidoglycan layer. (correct)
  • Their ability to move using flagella.
  • Their metabolic pathways for energy production.
  • Their ability to perform photosynthesis.

    • Which of the following groups of Proteobacteria are involved in the nitrogen cycle?

  • Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria (correct)
  • Gammaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria
  • Epsilonproteobacteria and Zetaproteobacteria
  • All of the above

    • Which of these is NOT a characteristic of archaea?

    <p>They have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of irreducible complexity used to argue?

    <p>That certain complex structures, like flagella, could not have evolved through gradual changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria requires oxygen for survival?

    <p>Obligate aerobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the F-factor, and what does it facilitate?

    <p>A plasmid that enables bacterial conjugation, transferring genetic material between cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?

    <p>They have a true nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a photosynthetic bacteria that produces oxygen?

    <p>Cyanobacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ecological interaction occurs when one species benefits and the other is unaffected?

    <p>Commensalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural component of diatoms?

    <p>Silica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi is known for forming mycorrhizal symbionts with plants?

    <p>Glomeromycetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protists is known for causing red tides?

    <p>Dinoflagellates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the fusion of the cytoplasm of two fungal cells?

    <p>Plasmogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about methanogens is correct?

    <p>They produce methane in anaerobic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups contains organisms that form fruiting bodies?

    <p>Myxobacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Kinetoplastids?

    <p>Parasitic protists with a single large mitochondrion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identifying between red and green algae, which pigment is primarily found in red algae?

    <p>Phycoerythrin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Chlamydias

    Intracellular parasites, such as Chlamydia.

    Spirochetes

    Spiral-shaped bacteria, including Borrelia, known for Lyme disease.

    Thermophiles

    Heat-loving extremophiles found in boiling environments.

    Mutualism

    An ecological interaction where both species benefit.

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    Euglenids

    Mixotrophic protists with an eyespot for light detection.

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    Diatoms

    Photosynthetic protists with silica cell walls, important ocean producers.

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    Plasmogamy

    The fusion of cytoplasm in fungal sexual reproduction.

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    Ascomycetes

    Sac fungi, including yeast and truffles, known for spore production.

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    Dinoflagellates

    Photosynthetic protists, some leading to red tides and bioluminescence.

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    Mycorrhizae

    Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots, aiding nutrient absorption.

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    Prokaryotes

    Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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    Gram Stain

    A technique to classify bacteria as Gram-positive (purple) or Gram-negative (pink).

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    F-Factor

    A plasmid that enables bacterial conjugation and gene transfer.

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    Autotrophic Bacteria

    Bacteria that synthesize their own food, like cyanobacteria.

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    Obligate Anaerobes

    Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen and cannot survive in its presence.

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    Mixotrophs

    Organisms that can switch between autotrophy and heterotrophy.

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    Proteobacteria

    A major group of bacteria with five classes, including nitrogen-fixing Alpha group.

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    Irreducible Complexity

    The idea that certain complex structures could not evolve incrementally.

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    Study Notes

    Bacteria and Archaea (Chapter 27)

    • Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria and Archaea are two distinct domains.
    • Gram Stain: Differentiates bacteria based on cell wall structure (peptidoglycan). Gram-positive stain purple, Gram-negative stain pink, gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane.
    • Motility: Many bacteria use flagella (different structures). Other methods include gliding and twitching.
    • Irreducible Complexity: A concept arguing that complex structures like flagella couldn't evolve through gradual changes. Evolutionary biology refutes this, highlighting co-option of pre-existing proteins.
    • Genetic Information Gain: Bacteria acquire new genes via horizontal gene transfer (transformation, transduction, conjugation).
    • F-Factor: A plasmid enabling bacterial conjugation.
    • Nutritional Modes:
      • Autotrophs: Produce their own food (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis).
      • Heterotrophs: Obtain organic molecules from other organisms (decomposers, parasites).
      • Mixotrophs: Switch between autotrophy and heterotrophy.
    • Oxygen Roles:
      • Obligate aerobes: Require oxygen.
      • Obligate anaerobes: Oxygen is toxic.
      • Facultative anaerobes: Can survive with or without oxygen.
    • Metabolic Cooperation: Prokaryotes cooperate (biofilms, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria).
    • Bacterial Diversity: Extensive genetic and metabolic variation exists.
    • Archaea vs. Bacteria: Key Differences:
      • Cell Wall: Bacteria have peptidoglycan; Archaea do not.
      • Membrane Lipids: Bacteria have unbranched fatty acids; Archaea have branched hydrocarbons.
      • RNA Polymerase: Bacterial RNA polymerase is simpler; Archaeal is more similar to eukaryotes.
      • Environment: Bacteria are found more widely than archaea, and archaea often thrive in extreme environments.
    • Proteobacteria (5 Groups): Key groups with diverse roles (Nitrogen-fixing, pathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Helicobacter pylori).
    • Additional Bacterial Groups: Chlamydias (intracellular parasites), Spirochetes (spiral shaped bacteria, Lyme disease), Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic, produce oxygen), Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus).
    • Extremophiles (Archaea): Adapted to extreme environments
      • Thermophiles: Thrive in heat.
      • Halophiles: Thrive in high salt.
      • Methanogens: Produce methane.

    Protists (Chapter 28)

    • Definition: Mostly unicellular eukaryotes, exhibiting vast diversity.
    • Four Supergroups: Excavates, SAR, Rhizarians, Unikonts.
    • Excavates (Diplomonads & Parabasalids): Lack mitochondria, often anaerobic.
    • Excavates (Euglenozoans):
      • Kinetoplastids: Single large mitochondrion, some parasitic.
      • Euglenids: Mixotrophic, have an eyespot.
    • SAR Supergroup (Stramenopiles):
      • Diatoms: Glassy silica walls, major producers in oceans.
      • Golden Algae: Photosynthetic, some mixotrophic.
      • Brown Algae: Multicellular, kelp, alternation of generations.
    • SAR Supergroup (Alveolates):
      • Dinoflagellates: Cause red tides, some bioluminescent.
      • Apicomplexans: Parasitic (e.g., Plasmodium – malaria).
      • Ciliates: Use cilia for movement and feeding (e.g., Paramecium).
    • Rhizarians:
      • Radiolarians: Silica skeletons, use pseudopodia.
      • Forams: Calcium carbonate shells, contributors to marine sediments.
      • Cercozoans: Amoeboid, some photosynthetic.
    • Nutrient Acquisition: Diverse feeding strategies (parasitism, mixotrophy, photosynthesis).
    • Structural Components: Different structures based on group (silica walls, calcium carbonate shells, cilia, flagella, plant-like structures).

    Fungi (Chapter 31)

    • Definition: Heterotrophic decomposers that absorb nutrients via extracellular digestion.
    • Body Structure: Composed of hyphae forming a mycelium.
    • Reproduction:
      • Sexual: Plasmogamy (cytoplasm fusion) followed by karyogamy (nuclear fusion).
      • Asexual: Spore formation.
    • Fungal Phyla:
      • Chytrids: Flagellated spores, aquatic.
      • Zygomycetes: Rapidly growing molds.
      • Glomeromycetes: Mycorrhizal symbionts.
      • Ascomycetes: Sac fungi (e.g., yeast, truffles).
      • Basidiomycetes: Club fungi (e.g., mushrooms).
    • Ecological Roles:
      • Decomposers: Breakdown organic matter.
      • Mutualists: Mycorrhizae (fungi + plant roots).
      • Pathogens: Cause fungal diseases in plants and animals.

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    Test your knowledge on the different types of bacteria and archaea with this engaging quiz. Challenge yourself with questions about horizontal gene transfer, Gram staining, and the nitrogen cycle. Perfect for microbiology students or enthusiasts looking to reinforce their understanding.

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