Microbiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What accelerated physical science research and development programs in the United States in 1957?

  • Achievements of the Soviet Union in genetic engineering
  • Discovery of recombinant DNA
  • Launching of Sputnik satellite by the Soviet Union (correct)
  • Development of atomic bombs

    • Recombinant DNA technology is also known as genetic __________.

    engineering

    What are some of the emerging priorities in the field of science as we approach the twenty-first century?

    Biology is emerging as one of the top priorities in the field of science, with microbiology gaining new stature.

    What is the main role of viruses in nature?

    <p>Grow within an appropriate host cell and synthesize hundreds of identical viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are microorganisms classified based on the level of study conducted?

    <p>Molecular constituents of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microorganisms are exceptionally attractive models for studying fundamental life processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and reproduce in _______

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the establishment of a third kingdom, Protista, to include unicellular microorganisms that are typically neither plants nor animals?

    <p>E.H. Haeckel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is microbiology primarily concerned with studying?

    <p>Organisms of microscopic size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fundamental significance of the discovery of membrane-bound internal structures in certain protists?

    <p>The discovery of membrane-bound internal structures distinguished bacteria from fungi, algae, and protozoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom is inclusive of unicellular eucaryotic microorganisms?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who suggested using agar as a solidifying agent in microbiological media?

    <p>Fannie E. Hesse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Pasteur's saying 'Chance favors the prepared mind' is mentioned in the text.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microorganisms are closely associated with the health and welfare of _ beings.

    <p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the international standard for bacterial taxonomy?

    <p>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic characteristic of Graciticutes according to Bergey's Manual?

    <p>Complex cell-wall structure characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are classified as eukaryotic lower plants devoid of chlorophyll.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are very small noncellular parasites or pathogens of plants, animals, and bacteria that can be visualized only by the __________ microscope.

    <p>electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the discovery of microbes with accurate descriptions and drawings?

    <p>Antony van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek discover in rain water in the year 1675?

    <p>Living creatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Hooke's description of cells in a piece of cork established that animals and plants are composed of a few elementary parts frequently repeated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted an experiment using meat exposed to warmth and air to observe the production of maggots?

    <p>John Needham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francesco Redi's experiment with meat and flies establish?

    <p>The origin of maggots was from flies laying eggs on the covering of meat, not the meat itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Pasteur prepared a flask with a long, narrow gooseneck opening for his experiment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem did the French government request Pasteur to investigate after his success with fermentation?

    <p>pebrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease did Pasteur tackle after solving the pebrine problem?

    <p>Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteur isolated the parasite causing the silkworm disease, pebrine, and showed that silkworm farmers could eliminate the disease by using only healthy, disease-free ______ for breeding stock.

    <p>caterpillars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pasteur grow in laboratory flasks after isolating them from the blood of animals that had died of anthrax?

    <p>microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the characteristics common to all biological systems.

    <p>Characteristics common to all biological systems include growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and the ability to adapt to the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are microorganisms useful as subjects for research in the field of biology?

    <p>Microorganisms are useful for research due to their rapid growth, simple structure, ability to be manipulated genetically, and their significance in various biological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why a knowledge of microbiology is useful in understanding life processes in higher plants and animals.

    <p>Microbiology is useful in understanding life processes in higher plants and animals because microorganisms play crucial roles in nutrient recycling, disease causation, and symbiotic relationships that impact the health and survival of higher organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the term protists arise? What organisms do we refer to by use of this term? What is the difference between lower protists and higher protists?

    <p>The term 'protists' arose to describe unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms. Lower protists refer to primitive, unicellular organisms like algae, while higher protists include more complex, multicellular organisms like protozoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses differ from other microorganisms?

    <p>Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot replicate on their own and require a host cell to reproduce. Unlike other microorganisms, viruses lack cellular structure and metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the five-kingdom classification scheme according to Whittaker? Give a reason why it is so widely accepted in the biological community.

    <p>The five-kingdom classification scheme is based on cellular structure and nutritional modes. It is widely accepted because it provides a more comprehensive classification system that reflects evolutionary relationships among organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the place of microorganisms in Whittaker's five-kingdom classification scheme. Why is Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology so important to bacteriologists?

    <p>Microorganisms are classified across multiple kingdoms based on their cellular structure and nutritional modes in the five-kingdom classification scheme. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is important as it provides a systematic classification of bacteria, aiding in their identification and study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are microorganisms found in nature? How may they be transferred from place to place?

    <p>Microorganisms are found abundantly in nature, including soil, water, air, and on living organisms. They can be transferred from place to place through air currents, water flow, human activities, and animal movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name several applied areas of microbiology. Describe the importance of microorganisms in each of these applied fields.

    <p>Several applied areas of microbiology include medical microbiology (diagnosis and treatment of diseases), aquatic microbiology (water quality and waste treatment), food microbiology (food safety and preservation), agricultural microbiology (soil health and crop diseases), and industrial microbiology (production of medicines and other industrial products). Microorganisms play vital roles in each of these fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Microbiology

    • Microbiology is the study of living organisms of microscopic size, including:
      • Bacteria
      • Fungi
      • Algae
      • Protozoa
      • Viruses (infectious agents at the borderline of life)
    • The field of microbiology encompasses the study of:
      • Form and structure of microorganisms
      • Reproduction
      • Physiology
      • Metabolism
      • Classification
    • Microbiology also explores:
      • Distribution of microorganisms in nature
      • Relationships between microorganisms and other living organisms
      • Effects of microorganisms on human beings, animals, and plants
      • Ability of microorganisms to make physical and chemical changes in the environment
      • Reactions to physical and chemical agents

    Importance of Microbiology

    • Microorganisms are closely associated with human health and welfare

    • Beneficial microorganisms:

      • Involved in the production of yogurt, cheese, and wine
      • Used in the production of penicillin, interferon, and alcohol
      • Play a role in processing domestic and industrial wastes

    • Detrimental microorganisms:

      • Cause diseases and spoilage### Introduction to Microbiology

    • Microorganisms can cause disease, spoil food, and deteriorate materials like iron pipes, glass lenses, and wood pilings.

    • Most microorganisms are unicellular, meaning all life processes are performed by a single cell.

    • The cell is the basic structural unit of life, and all living cells are fundamentally similar.

    The Discovery of Cells

    • The word "cell" was first used by Robert Hooke in 1665 to describe the honeycomb-like structure he observed in a thin slice of cork.
    • Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, two Germans, are credited with developing the cell theory in 1838-1839, which states that cells are the basic structural and functional units of all organisms.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Protoplasm is a colloidal organic complex consisting largely of protein, lipids, and nucleic acids, enclosed by membranes or cell walls.
    • All cells have a nucleus or an equivalent nuclear substance, and protoplasm always contains nuclei.
    • Electron-microscope techniques have revealed the complex intricacies of intracellular organization.

    Characteristics of Biological Systems

    • All biological systems have the following characteristics in common: the ability to reproduce, ingest or assimilate food substances, metabolize, excrete waste products, react to changes in their environment, and susceptibility to mutation.

    Microbiology as a Field of Biology

    • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are ideal specimens for studying fundamental life processes.
    • Microorganisms have characteristics that make them ideal models for studying life processes, such as rapid growth, high reproduction rates, and simplicity of nutritional requirements.

    The Scope of Microbiology

    • Microorganisms have a wide range of physiological and biochemical potentialities, including the ability to utilize atmospheric nitrogen, synthesize vitamins, and require varying degrees of nutritional complexity.
    • The study of microorganisms has led to the discovery of antibiotics, such as streptomycin, and has provided insights into biological phenomena, including genetics.

    Classification of Microorganisms

    • Classification in microbiology is based on the principles established for the plant and animal kingdoms.
    • The classification of microorganisms placed them into one of two kingdoms, plant and animal, until the proposal of new kingdoms to include organisms that are neither plants nor animals.
    • Haeckel's kingdom Protista was established in 1866 to include unicellular microorganisms that are typically neither plants nor animals.
    • Procaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack membrane-bound internal structures, while eucaryotic cells, such as algae, fungi, and protozoa, have membrane-bound structures.

    The Importance of Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms play an important and often dominant role in various fields, including industry, agriculture, food preparation, and human and animal health.### Cellular Structure of Microorganisms
    • Eucaryotic cells have a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane, containing more than one chromosome, and have histones.
    • Procaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have a single circular chromosome without histones.
    • Eucaryotic cells have mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a true nucleus, while procaryotic cells lack these organelles.

    Characteristics of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells

    • Procaryotic cells:
      • Have a peptidoglycan (murein or mucopeptide) cell wall.
      • Lack a true nucleus.
      • Have 70S ribosomes distributed in the cytoplasm.
      • May have gas vacuoles.
      • Have a mesosome.
      • Lack mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi structures.
    • Eucaryotic cells:
      • Have a sterol-containing cell membrane.
      • Have a true nucleus.
      • Have 80S ribosomes arrayed on membranes.
      • Have mitochondria and chloroplasts.
      • Have Golgi structures and endoplasmic reticulum.

    Metabolic Mechanisms

    • Procaryotic cells:
      • Have a wide variety of metabolic mechanisms, including anaerobic energy-yielding reactions.
      • Some fix nitrogen gas.
      • Some accumulate poly-hydroxybutyrate as a reserve material.
    • Eucaryotic cells:
      • Have glycolysis as a pathway for anaerobic energy-yielding mechanisms.

    DNA Base Ratios

    • Procaryotic cells: 28-73% GC (guanine + cytosine) content.
    • Eucaryotic cells: approximately 40% GC content.

    Whittaker's Five-Kingdom System

    • Kingdom Monera: procaryotic cells, including bacteria and cyanobacteria.
    • Kingdom Protista: unicellular eucaryotic microorganisms, including microalgae, protozoa, and fungi.
    • Kingdom Plantae: multicellular green plants and higher algae.
    • Kingdom Animalia: multicellular animals.
    • Kingdom Fungi: multicellular higher fungi.

    Classification of Microorganisms

    • Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: places all bacteria in the kingdom Procaryotae, divided into four divisions.
    • Major groups of microorganisms: algae, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
    • Microorganisms are found in three of the five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, and Fungi.

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