Microbiology & Public Health: Key Concepts

Microbiology & Public Health Study Notes

• Outbreak: A sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease in a population.

• Helicobacter pylori: The causative agent of peptic ulcers.

• "Four o'clock habit": A Department of Health initiative to prevent the spread of dengue fever.

• ZDU: The first drug available for HIV treatment.

• Hay fever and anaphylaxis: Examples of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to antigens.

• Pili: Thin protein appendages essential for bacterial conjugation.

• Using nitrites as food preservatives is discouraged due to the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.

• Chlorine: Disinfectant of choice for municipal water supplies.

• Fomite: An object able to harbor and transmit microorganisms.

• Toxoid administration confers artificially acquired active immunity.

• Morbidity rate: Measures the number of individuals becoming ill from a specific disease within a susceptible population over a specific period.

• The effectiveness of a disinfectant depends on population size, concentration, and exposure duration.

• Koplik spots: Lesions in the oral cavity caused by measles virus.

• Methanogens: Anaerobic bacteria deriving energy by converting formates, acetates, and other compounds to methane.

• Artificially acquired passive immunity is developed through immunoglobulin preparations.

• Nosocomial infections: Infections acquired while a patient is in the hospital.

• Toxigenicity: The capacity of an organism to produce a toxin.

• Boracay water was declared unsafe due to fecal coliforms.

• Male Ascaris is distinguished from the female by its curved tail.

• Potable water: Water that is suitable for drinking.

• Putrefaction is the microbial decomposition of proteins producing hydrogen sulfide and amines.

• Vibrios: Rod-shaped bacteria curved into comma shapes.

• Viral infections may be self-limiting, but a statement indicates, that they are also regarded as fully accurate.

• Endotoxin: A heat-stable lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Gram-negative cell walls, toxic to the host.

• Invasiveness: The ability of a microorganism to enter, grow, reproduce, and spread throughout a host.

• Mutualism: The intimate living together of members of two different species.

• Biodegradable plastics: Plastics decomposable by microorganisms.

• Aedes aegypti: The vector for dengue virus.

• Malasseria furfur: Causes ringworm infection with whitish patches on human skin.

• Legionella pneumophila: The causative agent of pneumonia acquired via inhalation from air conditioners.

• Tetanus: A communicable disease.

• Mumps and Leptospirosis: Zoonotic diseases.

• Mycobacterium leprae: The cause of Hansen's disease.

• Moist heat sterilization involves using an autoclave with steam under pressure.

• Endospore: A cellular structure associated with drug resistance.

• Bacterial genes for drug resistance are carried on R plasmids and transposons.

• Rickettsias: Microorganisms transmitted to humans by animal vectors such as insects.

• Salvarsan: The first chemotherapeutic agent scientifically discovered and evaluated.

• Thioglycollate agar: An example of anaerobic media.

• Disinfectant: A chemical agent that kills the vegetative forms of pathogenic microorganisms, not spores.

• X-rays: An example of ionizing radiation.

• The primary site of the electron transport system in eukaryotes.

• Organisms with atypical cell walls: Mycoplasmas.

• Koch's postulates require the suspected organism to initiate disease in healthy animals and to be purified.

• Louis Pasteur's contributions include the terms "aerobic" and "anaerobic" and the discovery of the "Pasteur flask".

• Pleomorphism: A phenomenon wherein an organism exhibits plasticity.

• The following can be sterilized in an autoclave like olive oil, culture media, and water.

• Bacillus stearothermophilus: A biological sterilization indicator for testing autoclave efficiency.

• During the stationary phase, bacterial growth exhibits balanced growth.

• Germination: The process by which a bacterial endospore returns to its vegetative state.

• Ribosomes of Candida albicans are referred to as 80s.

• Mesophiles can grow at body temperature.

• Specific process of reproduction among prokaryotes: Transverse binary fission

• Transduction: A process of gene transfer where the carrier of DNA is a virus

• A structurally mature infections viral particle: Virion

• Dinoflagellate is responsible for red tide poisoning.

• Theory of Spontaneous Generation: A theory that states that life originates from non-life.

• T-helper lymphocytes have a high affinity for HIV.

• Health Sector Reform Agenda: A DOH program for quality services in health centers and hospitals.

• Shared responsibility for health is emphasized by DOH's National Health Objectives program.

• Local health boards advise local executives on health-related matters.

• Backyard gardening and community projects are major activities under the Nutrition Program.

• The attainment of the highest possible level of health is the main objective of the WHO.

• The National Center for Disease Prevention and Control operates under the Health Regulation function cluster.

• The Workers Compensation Law is an employee liability law for financial support to workers unemployed due to work-related injuries.

• Byssinosis: A lung disease caused by cotton-mill dust.

• Physical hazards, including heat, burns, noise, and vibration, are types of industrial hazards.

• Carbon monoxide causes death by asphyxiation in high concentrations.

• Amniotic fluid functions to allow movement, protection, and stable temperature for the fetus.

• Canning protects food from oxidation and aerobic microorganism growth.

• Vitamin E serves as an intracellular antioxidant.

• Cirrhosis is an irreversible stage of alcohol damage, characterized by liver enlargement.

• Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by deformities of limbs, heart defects, and poor coordination.

• Blackouts occur in the middle stage of alcoholism.

• Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide compound to produce highly acidic rain, snow, hair, or fog.

• Eutrophication is an aging process in bodies of water due to nutrient accumulation.

• Naltrexone diminishes the pleasurable effects of alcohol as a treatment drug.

• Pregnancy is the period between conception and delivery.

• A trace mineral necessary for heme synthesis, electron transport and wound healing: Copper,

• RDA describes the amounts of energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins needed by a healthy individual.

• Secondary malnutrition is associated with inadequate mastication, digestion, absorption, transport, and excretion of nutrients.

• Thiamine deficiency leads to Beri-beri.

• Hangover is a short-term expression of alcohol toxicity.

• Alcoholism causes Vitamin B deficiency leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome.

• Epstein-Barr virus is a non-enveloped virus with RNA as its genome.

• Most bacterial capsules are polysaccharides that inhibit phagocytosis; however, most Gram-positive bacteria have capsules, while Gram-negative rarely do.

• Coccidiodes immitis grows as a mold in the soil and as spherules in the body, with the primary site the lungs, and the most important host defense is cell-mediated immunity.

• Bacterial exotoxins are polypeptides consisting of two functional regions with bacteria lacking integral parts of the cell wall.

• The C3 component of the complement cascade is involved in both classical and alternative pathways; however, Its C3b fragment is part of the complex that causes lysis of Gram-negative bacteria such as Neiserria.

• The Pertussis vaccine contains inactivated whole bacteria, but the prevention of bacterial diseases by vaccines is least accurate.

• A virus least likely to infect the intestinal tract as an initial site is the Mumps virus.

• Penicillin allergy results from its action as a hapten.

• Penicillin binds to carrier proteins, then interacts with the B cell receptor and carrier proteins, the carrier protein epitope is presented to the helper-T cell.

• Streptococcus pyogenes: Causative agent of suppurative diseases like pharyngitis, cellulitis, and nonsuppurative diseases like rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis.

• Staphylococcus aureus: Causative agent of food poisoning, TSS, and skin boils.

• Staphylococcus epidermidis:Normal flora of skin, but may cause "stitch abscess" and sepsis.

• Streptococcus agalactiae: A group B Streptococcus that causes neonatal meningitis and sepsis.

• Streptococcus pneumoniae: Causative agent of pneumonia and meningitis in adults, and otitis media and sinusitis in children.

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Gram-negative, kidney bean-shaped diplococci causing gonorrhea.

• Neisseria meningitidis: Gram-negative, kidney bean-shaped diplococci and causes meningitis.

• Clostridium tetani: The anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria with terminal spore affecting neurotransmitters.

• Listeria monocytogenes: The aerobic organism, non-spore forming that exhibits tumbling motility.

• Bacillus anthracis: Cause Wool Sorter's disease

• Clostridium perfringens: Causative agent of gas gangrene.

• Clostridium tetani: Characterized physiologically by a "sardonic smile."

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Usually seen in a Chinese letter arrangement having metachromatic granules and may infect the respiratory system.

• Clostridium dificile: Anaerobic, gram-positive with enterotoxin that causes watery diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.

• Clostridium botulinum: Causative agent of food poisoning from canned good foods.

• Vibrio cholerae: Gram-negative bacteria shaped like a halophilic coma.

• Campylobacter jejuni: shaped Coma, gram negative and causes enterocolitis.

• Shigella dysenteriae: Rods that do not ferment lactose and causes enterocolitis.

• Escherichia coli: Causes urinary tract infection, sepsis neonatal meningitis and "travelers diarrhea."

• Ceftriaxone is the most effective drug used to treat Rods of gram negative facultative non-lactose.

• Penicillin is effective for the spirochete organism causing syphilis with Penicillin :Treponema pallidum.

• Spirochete, which is the causative agent of Leptospirosis: Leptospira interrogans.

• Borrelia burgdorferi: Spirochete used to treat Lyme disease.

• Mycobacterium leprae: An acid-fast bacillus that has mycolic acid in its cell wall.

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An acid-fast, catalase-negative bacillus that can produce Niacin.

• Gangcyclovir is beneficial in treating pneumonia and retinitis: Cytomegalovirus

• The causative agent of Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) is; Epstein-Barr virus

• The causative agent of herpes genitalis is: Herpes simplex virus Type 2

• The causative agent of varicella (chicken pox) in children and Zoster is: Varicella-Zoster virus

• Which one is the most accurate comparison of human, bacterial and fungal cells: Human and fungal cells have similar ribosomes, whereas bacterial ribosomes are different.

• The following statements concerning endotoxins are correct, except: - They bind to specific cell receptors, whereas exotoxins do not.

• The following statements concerning endotoxins are correct, except: - They bind to specific cell receptors, whereas exotoxins do not.

• The following events involve recombination of DNA, except: - Conjugation, such as the transfer of a R (resistance) factor

• What's is incorrect about the normal flora: The most common organism found on the skin is Escherichia coli

• Which of the following statements is the most important function of antibody in host defenses against bacteria? Facilitation of phagocytosis

• Which of the following best describes the mode of action of endotoxin? Causes the release of necrosis factor

• The identification of bacteria by serologic test is based on the presence of specific antigens. Which of the following bacterial components is least likely to contain useful antigens?

• Toxins: Causes paralysis by blocking release of acetylcholine.

• Stimulates the production of cyclic AMP by adding ADP-ribose to a G protein: Stimulates the production of cyclic AMP by adding ADP-ribose to a G protein

• Which of the following organisms are recognized causes of diarrhea, except: Streptococcus fecalis;

• Which of the following sites is most likely to be the source of the organism?: Which of the following sites is most likely to be the source of the organism?

• The coagulase test, wherein the bacteria causes plasma to clot is used to distinguish: Staphylococcus aureus from Staphylococcus epidermidis

• Five hours after eating fried rice at a restaurant, you and your friends developed nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be the causative agent? Bacillus cereus

• The following zoonotic diseases has no arthropod vector? Brucellosis

• Which of the following organisms principally infects vascular endothelial cells? Coxiella burnetii

• Several viruses infect the intestinal tract as their initial site of infection. Which one of the following is least likely to do this? The following statements concerning Chlamydia are correct, except: Most Chlamydias are transmitted by arthropods

• Haemophilus influenzae:

• Acute glomerulonephritis in one of its complication; caused by which Organisms?

• What about Mycoplasma pneumoniae organism; It is pneumonia's cause in immunecompetent patient

• Which of the following forms of immunity to viruses would be least likely to be lifelong?; A) Passive immunity

• The following statements concerning Interferon are correct, except: - D) Interferon acts by preventing viruses from entering the cell.

• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. The following statements concerning this fact are correct, except:: C) Viruses must degrade host cell DNA in order to obtain nucleotides

• The following statements about lysogeny are correct, except: A) Viruses replicate independently of bacterial genes

• The following viruses possess an outer envelope of lipoprotein, except: Papillomavirus

• Smallpox virus: The following viruses possess RNA polymerase in the virion Coxsackie virus: The following viruses possess double-stranded DNA as its genome

• What is a Viriod?: consists of RNA without a protein or lipoprotein outer coat

• Measles is transmitted by : Respiratory aerosol

• The following statements about influenza virus and rabies virus are correct, except : They each have a single antigenic type

• They do not integrate their genome into the DNA of the host cell: The following statements about poliovirus and rhinovirus are correct, except:

• Herpes simplex virus: numbers158 - 161: DNA Non-enveloped virus

• Htl virus: numbers158 - 161: RNA Enveloped virus

• Human papillomavirus: numbers158 - 161: DNA Non Enveloped Virus

• Rotavirus: numbers158 - 161: DNA Non Enveloped Virus

• Which of the following pathogens are likely to establish chronic or latent infections, except- Cytomegalovirus

• .Causitive agents in causing clinical syndromes: cytomegalo-picornavirus

• strategy most likely to induce lasting intestinal mucosal immunity to poliovirus?: Oral administration of live vaccine

• What are the following correct for rabies vaccine? Human rabies vaccine are correct, except that vaccine has live attenuated virus

• Visceral larva migrans is acquired by ingesting eggs of a nematode parasite of which animal? dog or cat

• Wild birds are important reservoirs of St. Louis encephalitis virus

• blood containing antibody to HepatiticC virus that should not be transfused

• hemorrhagic fever that can be life threatening - Dengue virus

• Bacteria are lacking all the following membrane, with exception of DNA

• statements aretrue about prokaryotes, except Theyre enclosed in membrane

• Unicellular prokaryotic organism that divides by binary fission: Bacteria

• Phylogenetic classifications are based on evolutionary- phylogenies.

• The thickness of the peptidoglycan of negative bacteria is more likely made E ) 1 layer thick

• What's the relationship between the host and the normal microbiota: Symbiosis

• In the case: Cytoplasmic membrane proteins that is Porins

• Saclike invagination membrane that is bound to binding site the Mesosomes

• The medium used for motility the Flagella

• The intercytoplasmic compound the Glycogen

• responsible for heat of substance, resistant : responsible for heat of substance, resistant

• mediates connection with human cell: mediates connection with human cell

• firm to structure of such skin, : firm to structure of such skin.

• true for endoscopes - is highly kill by heat

• bacterium grow rapidly body temp kills oxygen is : Mesophilic, obligate anaerobic bacilli

• bacterial energy = heterotrophs energy

• stage in bacteria growth cycle do vigorous stuff not divide that is stationary

• time that sells can double or duplicate- generation

• Whc of these is a predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovirus

• The cytoplasm membrane specific bacteria transport via diffusion.

• Bacteria that does same substrate single end product does so via.Homogenize

• Primary natruel of nature is Amino acid

• Drug can divided in : resistance RIF and determinat

• factor requires F and .plasmid

• Symbiac nature is the relationship to the the natural : is the relationship

• What leads to infection? syndrones

• Influenza happens rapid, lasts just fast = this is acute form

• This is achy following: the decline phase

• Number of aids trending years this is epidemic trending

• is indication bacteria producing disease to the host A) Virulence

• virulence parts include what: Invasiveness and toxigenicity bactin in attchach that is pre in:Clostridium botulinum

• b actin in cmmmmm:Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin

• Bacteria with endotoxins are NOT destroyed by autoclaving

• Structres without contain micrbial flora bronchi, brohcnius Part of body with alrgest miercibla skin

• Vanco is native strep in

• Polyixin is

• The anitboitc with no proetins is d ) Cephalosporins

In general the activity : B autolytic enzymzes Produced nature of strep , Found to be limiited treatmen - Cyclicserione

• -anemia is a rare effect - Chor
• agent that is many killing -Disinfection efficevt skin The end.