Microbiology: Physical Methods of Microbial Control

The ____________ death point is the lowest temperature at which all the microbes in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 minutes.

Moist heat kills microbes by ____________ enzymes.

Autoclaving is the most effective method of moist heat ____________.

Dry heat kills by ____________.

Filtration is the passage of a liquid or gas through a filter with pores small enough to retain ____________.

Methods that produce the same effect are called equivalent ____________.

Chemical agents are used on living tissue as ______ and on inanimate objects as disinfectants.

Careful attention should be paid to the ______ and concentration of the disinfectant to be used.

The ______ test is used to determine bacterial survival in the manufacturer’s recommended dilution of a disinfectant.

The ______ method is used to evaluate the effectiveness of agents against viruses, endospore-forming bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi.

Phenolics exert their action by ______ plasma membranes.

The germicidal action of chlorine is based on the formation of ______ acid when chlorine is added to water.

Microbes can be removed from air by high-efficiency particulate air (______) filters.

Membrane filters composed of ________ esters are commonly used to filter out bacteria, viruses, and even large proteins.

The effectiveness of low ________ depends on the particular microorganism and the intensity of the application.

High ________ denatures proteins in vegetative cells.

Microorganisms in high concentrations of salts and sugars undergo ________.

The most effective germicidal wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is ________ nm.

Silver, mercury, copper, and zinc exert their antimicrobial action through ______ action.

When heavy metal ions combine with ______ groups, proteins are denatured.

[Blank] are cationic detergents attached to NH4+ that disrupt plasma membranes.

Nitrate and nitrite salts prevent germination of C.botulinum ______ in meats.

Aldehydes such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are among the most effective chemical ______.

Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and ozone exert their antimicrobial effect by ______ molecules inside cells.