exam 3 : lecture
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most resistant to microbial control?

  • Sterilization
  • Incineration
  • Fomite
  • Sepsis (correct)

    • Which of the following is a form of physical control of microbes?

  • Phenolics
  • Halogens
  • Incineration (correct)
  • Aldehydes

    • What factors affect bacterial growth?

  • Salinity, humidity, and oxygen availability
  • Temperature, pH, and oxygen availability (correct)
  • Humidity, light exposure, and nutrient availability
  • Pressure, radiation, and carbon dioxide levels

    • How does dry heat attack bacteria?

    <p>By denaturing proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different applications of moist heat?

    <p>Sterilization of surgical instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ionizing radiation differ from UV radiation in how it attacks bacteria?

    <p>Ionizing radiation damages DNA, while UV radiation damages proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membrane filters used for?

    <p>To remove bacteria from liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are HEPA filters used for?

    <p>To remove viruses from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenol coefficient?

    <p>A measure of a chemical's effectiveness as a disinfectant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are four methods of evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants/antiseptics?

    <p>Disk diffusion, dilution tests, biofilm assays, and time-kill curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between synthetic drugs and antibiotics?

    <p>Synthetic drugs are used to treat viral infections, while antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>Narrow spectrum antibiotics target a specific type of bacteria, while broad spectrum antibiotics target a wide range of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one negative of using broad spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>They have more side effects than narrow spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dosage' mean?

    <p>The amount of medication to be taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemotherapeutic index and what two factors comprise it?

    <p>The effectiveness of a drug and its side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different mechanisms by which cells can be resistant to an antibiotic?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the susceptibility assays discussed?

    <p>To test the sensitivity of bacteria to different antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the unique structural features of amoebas?

    <p>Contractile vacuole and pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of slime molds and how do they differ in their life cycle?

    <p>Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds; plasmodial slime molds have a multicellular stage, while cellular slime molds do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a term related to the control of microbial growth?

    <p>Degerm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complete destruction of all forms of microbial life, including spores?

    <p>Sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in blood or tissues?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of pathogenic microorganisms?

    <p>Asepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms?

    <p>Antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the destruction or removal of most microorganisms from an inanimate object?

    <p>Sanitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the reduction of the number of microorganisms on the skin?

    <p>Degerm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the ability of a chemical agent to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms?

    <p>-static</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the shortest time required to kill all microorganisms at a specified temperature?

    <p>Thermal death time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the lowest temperature required to kill all microorganisms in a liquid suspension within 10 minutes?

    <p>Thermal death point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the protozoan life cycle?

    <p>Trophozoite, cyst, sporozoite, merozoite, gametocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of slime molds and how do they differ in their life cycle?

    <p>Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds; Plasmodial slime molds have a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm, while cellular slime molds exist as individual cells that aggregate to form a multicellular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique structural feature do Apicomplexans have?

    <p>Apicomplexans have an apical complex, which is involved in host cell invasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different ways fungi can obtain its own carbon?

    <p>Fungi can obtain its own carbon through saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mycorrhizae?

    <p>Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungi reproduce sexually?

    <p>Fungi reproduce sexually through the fusion of hyphae and the formation of specialized structures called spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the trematode life cycle?

    <p>Miracidia and cercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the nematode life cycle?

    <p>Rhabditiform and filariform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three different ways fungi can obtain its own carbon?

    <p>Fungi can obtain its own carbon through saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the protozoan life cycle?

    <p>Trophozoite, cyst, sporozoite, merozoite, gametocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

    <p>They have kinetoplastids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life cycle stage of a protozoan that is a dormant, resistant form?

    <p>Cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are protozoans classified?

    <p>Based on their structural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique structural feature do Amoebas have?

    <p>Pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of slime molds and how do they differ in their life cycle?

    <p>Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds; plasmodial slime molds have a multicellular stage and cellular slime molds do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique structural feature do Apicomplexans have?

    <p>Apicoplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Supergroup is classified based on flagellar structures?

    <p>Euglenozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the trematode life cycle?

    <p>Miracidia and cercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the nematode life cycle?

    <p>Rhabditiform and filariform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two forms in which fungi can exist?

    <p>Mycelia and yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of physical control of microbes?

    <p>Disinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect bacterial growth?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dry heat differ from moist heat in attacking bacteria?

    <p>Dry heat oxidizes cellular components, while moist heat denatures proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common application of dry heat?

    <p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common application of moist heat?

    <p>Incineration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ionizing radiation differ from UV radiation in attacking bacteria?

    <p>Ionizing radiation damages DNA, while UV radiation disrupts cellular membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the germicidal wavelength of UV radiation?

    <p>300-400 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membrane filters used for?

    <p>To remove viruses and other small particles from liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are HEPA filters used for?

    <p>To remove large particles and debris from air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a chemical a good disinfectant or antiseptic?

    <p>Its ability to kill or inhibit the growth of a wide range of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most effective method for monitoring the effectiveness of an autoclave?

    <p>Checking the pressure of the autoclave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of physical control of microbes?

    <p>Chemical disinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect bacterial growth?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dry heat differ from moist heat in attacking bacteria?

    <p>Dry heat denatures proteins, while moist heat disrupts cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the germicidal wavelength of UV radiation?

    <p>300-400 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membrane filters used for?

    <p>To remove microorganisms from gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are HEPA filters used for?

    <p>To sterilize air in cleanrooms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a chemical a good disinfectant or antiseptic?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenol coefficient?

    <p>A measure of a chemical's effectiveness compared to phenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are four methods of evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants/antiseptics?

    <p>Minimum inhibitory concentration, turbidity measurement, colony count, time measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist made major contributions in the field of antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between synthetic drugs and antibiotics?

    <p>Synthetic drugs are chemically synthesized, while antibiotics are derived from living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against a specific group of microorganisms, while broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one negative of using broad spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>They can cause drug resistance to develop more easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'dosage'?

    <p>The amount of a drug that is given to a patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that comprise the chemotherapeutic index?

    <p>Efficacy and toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the targets for antimicrobial agents that attack protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomal subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mechanisms by which cells can be resistant to an antibiotic?

    <p>Mutation of target site, decreased drug uptake, increased drug efflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the disk diffusion method in susceptibility assays?

    <p>To determine the effectiveness of a drug against a specific microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are protozoans classified?

    <p>Based on their motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

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