80 Questions
Which of the following is the most resistant to microbial control?
Sepsis
Which of the following is a form of physical control of microbes?
Incineration
What factors affect bacterial growth?
Temperature, pH, and oxygen availability
How does dry heat attack bacteria?
By denaturing proteins
What are the different applications of moist heat?
Sterilization of surgical instruments
How does ionizing radiation differ from UV radiation in how it attacks bacteria?
Ionizing radiation damages DNA, while UV radiation damages proteins
What are membrane filters used for?
To remove bacteria from liquids
What are HEPA filters used for?
To remove viruses from the air
What is the phenol coefficient?
A measure of a chemical's effectiveness as a disinfectant
What are four methods of evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants/antiseptics?
Disk diffusion, dilution tests, biofilm assays, and time-kill curves
Which scientist is credited with the discovery of penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is the difference between synthetic drugs and antibiotics?
Synthetic drugs are used to treat viral infections, while antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections
What is the difference between narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics?
Narrow spectrum antibiotics target a specific type of bacteria, while broad spectrum antibiotics target a wide range of bacteria
What is one negative of using broad spectrum antibiotics?
They have more side effects than narrow spectrum antibiotics
What does the term 'dosage' mean?
The amount of medication to be taken
What is the chemotherapeutic index and what two factors comprise it?
The effectiveness of a drug and its side effects
What are the different mechanisms by which cells can be resistant to an antibiotic?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the susceptibility assays discussed?
To test the sensitivity of bacteria to different antibiotics
What are the unique structural features of amoebas?
Contractile vacuole and pseudopodia
What are the two types of slime molds and how do they differ in their life cycle?
Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds; plasmodial slime molds have a multicellular stage, while cellular slime molds do not
Which of the following is NOT a term related to the control of microbial growth?
Degerm
What is the term for the complete destruction of all forms of microbial life, including spores?
Sterilization
Which term refers to the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in blood or tissues?
Sepsis
What is the term for the absence of pathogenic microorganisms?
Asepsis
Which term refers to a substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms?
Antiseptic
Which term refers to the destruction or removal of most microorganisms from an inanimate object?
Sanitization
Which term refers to the reduction of the number of microorganisms on the skin?
Degerm
Which term refers to the ability of a chemical agent to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms?
-static
Which term refers to the shortest time required to kill all microorganisms at a specified temperature?
Thermal death time
Which term refers to the lowest temperature required to kill all microorganisms in a liquid suspension within 10 minutes?
Thermal death point
What are the stages of the protozoan life cycle?
Trophozoite, cyst, sporozoite, merozoite, gametocyte
What are the two types of slime molds and how do they differ in their life cycle?
Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds; Plasmodial slime molds have a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm, while cellular slime molds exist as individual cells that aggregate to form a multicellular structure.
What unique structural feature do Apicomplexans have?
Apicomplexans have an apical complex, which is involved in host cell invasion.
What are the different ways fungi can obtain its own carbon?
Fungi can obtain its own carbon through saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships.
What are mycorrhizae?
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots.
How do fungi reproduce sexually?
Fungi reproduce sexually through the fusion of hyphae and the formation of specialized structures called spores.
What are the stages of the trematode life cycle?
Miracidia and cercaria
What are the stages of the nematode life cycle?
Rhabditiform and filariform
What are the three different ways fungi can obtain its own carbon?
Fungi can obtain its own carbon through saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships.
What are the stages of the protozoan life cycle?
Trophozoite, cyst, sporozoite, merozoite, gametocyte
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?
They have kinetoplastids
What is the life cycle stage of a protozoan that is a dormant, resistant form?
Cyst
How are protozoans classified?
Based on their structural features
What unique structural feature do Amoebas have?
Pseudopodia
What are the two types of slime molds and how do they differ in their life cycle?
Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds; plasmodial slime molds have a multicellular stage and cellular slime molds do not
What unique structural feature do Apicomplexans have?
Apicoplast
Which Supergroup is classified based on flagellar structures?
Euglenozoans
What are the stages of the trematode life cycle?
Miracidia and cercaria
What are the stages of the nematode life cycle?
Rhabditiform and filariform
What are the two forms in which fungi can exist?
Mycelia and yeast
Which of the following is NOT a form of physical control of microbes?
Disinfection
Which of the following factors does NOT affect bacterial growth?
Atmospheric pressure
How does dry heat differ from moist heat in attacking bacteria?
Dry heat oxidizes cellular components, while moist heat denatures proteins.
Which of the following is NOT a common application of dry heat?
Pasteurization
Which of the following is NOT a common application of moist heat?
Incineration
How does ionizing radiation differ from UV radiation in attacking bacteria?
Ionizing radiation damages DNA, while UV radiation disrupts cellular membranes.
What is the germicidal wavelength of UV radiation?
300-400 nm
What are membrane filters used for?
To remove viruses and other small particles from liquids
What are HEPA filters used for?
To remove large particles and debris from air
What makes a chemical a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
Its ability to kill or inhibit the growth of a wide range of microorganisms
Which of the following is the most effective method for monitoring the effectiveness of an autoclave?
Checking the pressure of the autoclave
Which of the following is NOT a form of physical control of microbes?
Chemical disinfection
Which of the following factors can affect bacterial growth?
All of the above
How does dry heat differ from moist heat in attacking bacteria?
Dry heat denatures proteins, while moist heat disrupts cell membranes
What is the germicidal wavelength of UV radiation?
300-400 nm
What are membrane filters used for?
To remove microorganisms from gases
What are HEPA filters used for?
To sterilize air in cleanrooms
What makes a chemical a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
All of the above
What is the phenol coefficient?
A measure of a chemical's effectiveness compared to phenol
What are four methods of evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants/antiseptics?
Minimum inhibitory concentration, turbidity measurement, colony count, time measurement
Which scientist made major contributions in the field of antimicrobial drugs?
Alexander Fleming
What is the difference between synthetic drugs and antibiotics?
Synthetic drugs are chemically synthesized, while antibiotics are derived from living organisms
What is the difference between narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics?
Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against a specific group of microorganisms, while broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of microorganisms
What is one negative of using broad spectrum antibiotics?
They can cause drug resistance to develop more easily
What is the meaning of the term 'dosage'?
The amount of a drug that is given to a patient
What are the two factors that comprise the chemotherapeutic index?
Efficacy and toxicity
What are the targets for antimicrobial agents that attack protein synthesis?
Ribosomal subunits
What are the mechanisms by which cells can be resistant to an antibiotic?
Mutation of target site, decreased drug uptake, increased drug efflux
What is the purpose of the disk diffusion method in susceptibility assays?
To determine the effectiveness of a drug against a specific microorganism
How are protozoans classified?
Based on their motility
Test your knowledge on the control of microorganisms with this study guide for Exam 3, Unit 3. Learn about the least and most resistant organisms or structures to microbial control. Familiarize yourself with terms such as fomite, sterilization, sepsis, asepsis, antiseptic, disinfection, sanitization, degerm, -cide, -static, thermal death time, thermal death point, D-value, and incineration.
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