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Questions and Answers
What type of cell structure do eukaryotic organisms possess?
What type of cell structure do eukaryotic organisms possess?
- Binary fission reproduction
- Membrane-bound organelles (correct)
- Single chromosome number
- No nuclear membrane
Which of the following domains includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms?
Which of the following domains includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms?
- Fungi
- Eubacteria (correct)
- Plantae
- Animalia
Which statement accurately describes the growth and reproduction method of prokaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes the growth and reproduction method of prokaryotic cells?
- Mitotic division
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Binary fission (correct)
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?
Which of the following domains includes multicellular organisms?
Which of the following domains includes multicellular organisms?
What is the primary focus of medical microbiology?
What is the primary focus of medical microbiology?
Which group does NOT consist of multicellular eukaryotic organisms?
Which group does NOT consist of multicellular eukaryotic organisms?
Which characteristic is NOT true for prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is NOT true for prokaryotic cells?
What does the plasmid in bacteria carry?
What does the plasmid in bacteria carry?
What occurs after the plasmid is transferred from F(+) to F(-)?
What occurs after the plasmid is transferred from F(+) to F(-)?
Which of the following best describes the spores formed by bacteria?
Which of the following best describes the spores formed by bacteria?
What is the primary significance of genetic material transfer between bacteria?
What is the primary significance of genetic material transfer between bacteria?
What kind of precautions should be taken when working with potential infectious materials?
What kind of precautions should be taken when working with potential infectious materials?
Which biosafety level is referred to for handling mild diseases in a lab setting?
Which biosafety level is referred to for handling mild diseases in a lab setting?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of spores?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of spores?
What is the first step in the conjugation process between F(+) and F(-) bacteria?
What is the first step in the conjugation process between F(+) and F(-) bacteria?
What is one characteristic of BSL 3 laboratories?
What is one characteristic of BSL 3 laboratories?
Which of the following is NOT a control measure associated with BSL 4?
Which of the following is NOT a control measure associated with BSL 4?
What type of infection is commonly associated with sharps objects in laboratory settings?
What type of infection is commonly associated with sharps objects in laboratory settings?
Which of the following is an example of a BSL 4 organism?
Which of the following is an example of a BSL 4 organism?
What measure is taken to prevent environmental contamination in laboratories?
What measure is taken to prevent environmental contamination in laboratories?
Which of the following best describes BSL 3 laboratory microorganisms?
Which of the following best describes BSL 3 laboratory microorganisms?
What is a common cause of accidents resulting in infection in laboratories?
What is a common cause of accidents resulting in infection in laboratories?
What type of infections can BSL 3 organisms cause?
What type of infections can BSL 3 organisms cause?
What process reduces the number of potential disease-causing bacteria and viruses on a material?
What process reduces the number of potential disease-causing bacteria and viruses on a material?
Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?
Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?
What is the purpose of the chromogenic test mentioned?
What is the purpose of the chromogenic test mentioned?
Which of these is an example of a sterilization technique?
Which of these is an example of a sterilization technique?
In the context of microbial control, what does the term 'decontamination' imply?
In the context of microbial control, what does the term 'decontamination' imply?
What is one characteristic of community-acquired infections?
What is one characteristic of community-acquired infections?
What temperature is typically reached during autoclaving?
What temperature is typically reached during autoclaving?
Which of the following terms is synonymous with decontamination?
Which of the following terms is synonymous with decontamination?
What is the primary purpose of an autoclave?
What is the primary purpose of an autoclave?
What temperature must an autoclave reach to effectively sterilize items?
What temperature must an autoclave reach to effectively sterilize items?
What is the function of the Browne’s tube in the sterilization process?
What is the function of the Browne’s tube in the sterilization process?
How long should items typically be exposed to sterilization in an autoclave?
How long should items typically be exposed to sterilization in an autoclave?
What does autoclave tape indicate when exposed to high temperatures?
What does autoclave tape indicate when exposed to high temperatures?
What does increasing pressure in an autoclave do to the boiling point of water?
What does increasing pressure in an autoclave do to the boiling point of water?
Which organism's spores are monitored for destruction during the autoclave process?
Which organism's spores are monitored for destruction during the autoclave process?
What is the significance of moisture when using moist heat for sterilization?
What is the significance of moisture when using moist heat for sterilization?
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Study Notes
Microbiology Overview
- Microbiology studies microorganisms, including unicellular and multicellular entities.
- Microorganisms can be classified into major groups: Bacteria (Eubacteria), Eukarya (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).
- Key features of prokaryotes include lack of membrane-bound organelles and a single chromosome; eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and multiple chromosomes.
Microorganisms
- Minute organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope.
- Bacteria can be gram-positive, such as Bacillus and Clostridium species.
- Genetic transfer in bacteria occurs mainly through plasmids and pili during conjugation.
Plasmid Functionality
- Plasmids carry genetic information essential for processes such as antibiotic resistance.
- F (+) denotes bacteria with plasmids; F (-) bacteria lack plasmids but can gain them through conjugation.
Sporulation Process
- Involves formation of spores to survive harsh environments.
- Spores are resistant to heat and chemicals; they are metabolically inactive and can resume normal activity when conditions improve.
Universal Precautions and Biosafety
- Treat all body fluids as if they are infectious to minimize risk of transmission.
- Biosafety Level (BSL) 2 requires measures to prevent release of infectious agents, such as personal protective equipment (PPE).
Infectious Agents
- BSL 3 focuses on agents that can cause serious or lethal diseases via respiratory transmission (e.g., HIV, TB).
- BSL 4 includes highly dangerous and exotic pathogens that pose extreme risk (e.g., Ebola).
Infection Control Measures
- Implement engineering, administrative, and procedural controls.
- Main sources of laboratory-acquired infections include spills, sharps, and animal bites.
Sterilization Techniques
- Methods include dry heat, autoclaving, gases, and various chemicals.
- Autoclaving uses steam under pressure to destroy microorganisms effectively.
Disinfection Definition
- Disinfection reduces the amount of infectious agents to non-threatening levels.
- Chemical disinfectants are used on inanimate objects; pasteurization is a method used for liquids.
Decontamination and Killing Mechanism
- Decontamination involves inactivation or removal of microorganisms.
- Sterilization ensures loss of the microorganism's ability to multiply.
Monitoring Sterilization Processes
- Monitoring for effective sterilization employs thermocouples, Browne’s tubes, and autoclave tape.
- Autoclaves operate at pressures that raise temperature beyond 100°C, effectively killing spores.
Summary and Monitoring Techniques
- Tyndallization, moist heat, and autoclaving are critical for complete sterilization.
- Browne's Tube indicates sterilization effectiveness by changing color; spores are killed in less than 5 minutes under required conditions.
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