Microbiology Overview and Classification
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Questions and Answers

Transient flora can persist in the body for several months before disappearing.

True (A)

Bodily fluid transmission does not include saliva.

False (B)

Airborne transmission involves pathogens traveling farther than 1 meter.

True (A)

Indirect contact transmission only occurs through personal interactions between individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal flora can act as opportunistic pathogens if the balance of the microbiome is disturbed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotes are organisms that lack a mature nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can be classified as prokaryotic organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prions consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sporulation is the process by which vegetative bacteria form spores.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algae and fungi are both classified as prokaryotic organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaea are unicellular organisms that thrive in extreme environments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bioremediation involves utilizing microbes to break down environmental contaminants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protozoa are primarily multicellular organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When environmental conditions improve, the vegetative form changes into spore form.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that help break down particles like bacteria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golgi Apparatus serves as the primary power site for ATP production in the cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Specific defense mechanisms provide a general resistance to all harmful agents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibody-mediated immunity is primarily produced by T-cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is a nonspecific defense mechanism characterized by redness, hotness, swelling, and pain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils are large agranular leukocytes involved in phagocytosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma cells are responsible for the production of antibodies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fever is a symptom characterized by generalized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resident flora refers to the normal flora that remains throughout a person's life.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification.

Microorganisms

Organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae that are too small to be seen without a microscope.

Taxonomy

The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living organisms.

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that can cause infections.

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Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, like molds and yeasts.

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Endospores

Inert, resistant form of bacteria that survive unfavorable conditions.

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Protozoa

Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms that can be found in various water sources.

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Prions

Noncellular agents made of normal animal proteins that can become infectious.

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Transient Flora

Microorganisms that remain temporarily in a host for a few hours to months before disappearing.

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Opportunistic Pathogens

Normal flora that can cause diseases when the body's balance is disrupted.

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Direct Contact Transmission

Transmission of pathogens through physical contact between hosts.

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Vector Transmission

Spread of pathogens through animals, especially arthropods like insects.

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Water-borne Transmission

Transmission of pathogens through untreated or poorly treated water sources.

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Germination

The process where spores change to vegetative form when conditions improve.

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Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell that produce ATP, involved in energy production.

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Ribosomes

Granules of RNA found free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, crucial for protein synthesis.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in lipid (smooth ER) and protein (rough ER) synthesis.

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Lysosomes

Cellular sacs containing enzymes to digest waste and foreign particles.

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Inflammation

The body's response to tissue damage, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

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Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms

Generalized defenses that protect against all pathogens.

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Cell-mediated Immunity

Immune response produced by T-cells, effective against viruses and fungi.

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Antibody-mediated Immunity

Immune response produced by B-cells, mainly against bacteria.

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Normal Flora

Resident microorganisms in the body that help maintain health.

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Study Notes

Microbiology

  • Study of organisms too small to see without magnification, originated with microscope invention
  • Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), algae, and prions

Branches of Study

  • Immunology
  • Public health microbiology and epidemiology
  • Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
  • Manipulating genes

Microbes' Roles

  • Nutrient production and energy flow
  • Decomposition
  • Biotechnology (e.g., food, drug, vaccine production)
  • Genetic engineering
  • Bioremediation (cleaning up pollutants)
  • Infectious disease

Classification of Microorganisms (Protists)

I - Cellular

  • 1- Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus or a well-defined nucleus. Includes archaea, bacteria, and blue-green algae
  • 2- Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus. Includes algae (except blue-green), fungi, and protozoans

II - Non-Cellular

  • Viruses, viroids, and prions

Taxonomy

  • Formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living organisms

  • Bacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular organisms

  • Archaea: prokaryotic, unicellular organisms, thrive in extreme temperature and salt environments

  • Algae: eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms, often perform photosynthesis

  • Fungi: eukaryotic, often unicellular or multicellular organisms

  • Protozoa: eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms

  • Viruses: noncellular, seen only with electron microscopy, consist of nucleic acid (NA) surrounded by protein coat

Bacterial Life Cycle

  • Exist in vegetative form (metabolically active and growing, able to cause infection).
  • Under unfavorable conditions, some bacteria form endospores (a dormant, resistant form)
  • Endospores can survive for years, and convert back to vegetative form when conditions improve

Cytoplasmic Organelles

  • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, fluid-filled sacs, often containing ATP
  • Ribosomes: Granules that synthesize proteins
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis and transport
  • Golgi Apparatus: Packages and ships cellular products
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes
  • Centrioles: Involve in cell division
  • Cilia: Small, hair-like structures responsible for moving substances across cell surface
  • Flagella: Long structures facilitating cell movement
  • Chloroplasts: In plants/algae, convert sunlight energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis)

Defense Mechanisms Against Infection

  • Nonspecific: act against all harmful agents (e.g., skin, mucus membranes, immune system components)
  • Specific: Target specific agents (e.g., immune response).

Modes of Transmission

  • Contact: Direct physical (touching) or indirect (through a fomite)
  • Droplet: Transmission of pathogens via respiratory droplets
  • Airborne: Transmission of pathogens via airborne particles (greater than 1 meter)
  • Water-borne/Food-borne: Pathogens transmitted via contaminated water or food
  • Vector-borne: Transmission via an animal (e.g., insect)

Applied Microbiology

  • Food production, alcoholic beverages, treatment of water supplies, pharmaceutical agents, agriculture, bioremediation, forensics, energy (e.g., ethanol, methane)

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Microbiology PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of microbiology, delving into microorganisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. This quiz covers various branches of microbiology, their roles, and classifications, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Test your knowledge on the significance of microbes in areas such as biotechnology and public health.

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